Biology

Topic: This week you have been introduced to the specific mechanisms (example: A-B toxin) that elicit the symptoms of disease in a host. Pick three of these mechanisms and describe each in a research paper. Please follow the expectations that are listed below.Assignment Expectations:Length should be 1250-1500 words, not including Title and References pages (typed, 12 point font, double spaced).These subheadings are required (content expectation is also provided)Introduction (list the three mechanisms that you have picked and provide a brief overview)Mechanism 1 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism. Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism).Mechanism 2 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism. Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism).Mechanism 3 (Describe the cellular source of the mechanism. Explain how this mechanism produces an effect inside the host. Provide an example pathogen that utilizes this mechanism).Professional application (Explain how understanding these mechanisms increases the effectiveness of a nurse).Support your content with at least (3) citations. Make sure to reference the citations using APA writing style for the presentation.

Species Adaptations BrochureStart AssignmentPlant and animal adaptations to survive… thrive… in harsh environments are just downright cool! In this assignment, you will get a chance to identify and explore morphological and physiological features of plant and animal species with particular adaptations to heat and drought.You are to create a 1-2 page educational brochure that includes 3 plant species and 3 animal species’ adaptations to heat and/or drought. Your brochure should include the following for each species:pictures of the species with their scientific and common namesthe species geographic range (maps work well for this)brief summary of their life strategy and habitatdescriptions of their specific adaptationscitations for sources of information (be sources are crediblTo complete this assignment you will need to be resourceful…. meaning you will need to search the web for species and determine the credibility of the information you find. You may also need to find guidance on creating an educational brochure. There is plenty of information and examples out there.Your grade for this part of the assignment will be largely based on content and credibility of sources (80%), however visual design and organization of information will account for about 20% of the grade.To help you with this assignment here are some sources of information. Please find your own species examples; do NOT use the ones provided in these sources.Plant and animal adaptations to hot and dry environments and to disturbance such as grazing underlie the high degree of biodiversity of rangelands. In this unit, YOU will explore these adaptations for both plants and animals via these materials and your assignment.Adaptations of Plants to Arid Environments (Links to an external site.): This is a web page of a University of Las Vegas faculty member that has a great simple summary of plant adaptations and strategies.Dimmitt, M. (1997). How Plants Cope with Desert Climate (Links to an external site.). Sonorensis, Vol. 17, No. 1. Easy to read web page of desert plant adaptations and strategies (similar to above link) from the Arizona-Sonora Desert MuseumAlthough these two resources might be somewhat redundant, together they provide a robust overview of animal adaptations to rangeland environmentsAnimal Adaptations (Links to an external site.): great easy to read website with a lot of information related to desertSame basic information, but with an international angle, particularly African rangeland environments (short & easy to read): Abere, S. A. and N.S. Oguzor. 2011. Adaptation of Animals to Arid Ecological Conditions (Links to an external site.). World Journal of Zoology 6 (2): 209-214.PreviousNext

To graze or not to graze… is a never-ending question throughout the Western US. There are valid points on both sides of the argument. You are to explore the issue and write a 2-3 page paper arguing for AND against livestock grazing. “A” quality work will reference points from Weeks 1-5 material. You may use the materials provided in this module as well as any you find on your own. Remember to appropriately cite your sources!Week 2 System thinking, plants, soilsLiu, J., Dietz, T., Carpenter, S., Folke, C., Alberti, M., Redman, C., . . . Provencher, W. (2007). Coupled Human and Natural Systems download. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 36(8), 639-649.Week 4Ecosystem changePrimary Succession:

Peer InfluenceStep 1: Research the social and emotional development of an Adolescent.Step 2: In a one page pager, explain how peer influences change during adolescence· Discuss Piaget’s formal operational stage of development and how it may impact the thoughts and choices in adolescence.· Discuss the shift of reliance on peers· Discuss the shift from reliance on parents· Are there dangers? Explain your answer· Are there consequences? Explain your answer· Are there advantages? Explain your answer

Nearly all the antibiotics used to stop bacterial infections are natural compounds that come from microbes themselves. For example, penicillin is derived from a fungus, while vancomycin, the antibiotic used when bacteria are resistant to many other drugs, comes from a bacterium. Furthermore, although many antibiotics are chemically synthesized to resemble natural antibiotics, the “models” for them are natural products of microbes themselves.As more bacteria become resistant to traditional antibiotics, alternative drugs must be found. Recently, scientists discovered a completely new type of antibiotic that comes from Hydra, pictured above, a small freshwater creature famous for regenerating itself when its tissues are severed. While investigating defensive mechanisms on the skin of hydras in 2008, scientists at the University of Keil in Germany came across a protein that is active against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Most importantly, it works against some drug-resistant strains of bacteria. They named this protein hydramacin.- Can you imagine why microbes produce chemicals that are inhibitory to other microbes?- What enables a new drug to be effective against bacteria that are able to resist old drugs?- How do you suppose the scientists figured out that the compound in Hydra acts against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria?Ref.: Cowan, M. K. (2014) (4th Ed.). Microbiology: A Systems Approach, McGraw Hill

Approximately 9,500 individuals in the United States have been diagnosed with skin cancer. When the body fails to restore damage to the DNA within skin cells, cancer develops, causing the cells to differentiate and multiply uncontrollably. Several variables, including genetics and skin type, may trigger skin cell damage. The majority of cases of skin cancer are caused by excessive sensitivity to the sun’s ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Skin cancer may be a black patch, a lesion, a healing wound, or a lump in the skin (Linos, et al., 2016). Studies have indicated that over 3 million Americans are affected every year by nonmelanoma skin cancer, mainly squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Studies also show that total BCC incidence rose 145% from 1976 to 1984 and from 2000 to 2010 and that over the same time, the cumulative rate of SCC grew 263%. Melanoma is by far the most common form of skin cancer. Once melanoma spreads deeper into the skin, it becomes more complex to handle. The United States has seen an exponential increase in melanoma prevalence in the past 30 years—doubling between 1982 and 2011—but patterns in the past decade differ by generation (Park et al., 2020). The prevalence of melanoma has started to decrease in teens and young adults aged 30 and below. In comparison, the prevalence of melanoma in older age groups has risen with more marked changes in persons aged 80 or older. Individuals with darker complexions are more prone to developing skin cancer on the soles of the feet, the groin, the palms of the hands of their feet, and the inside of their lips, which aren’t often exposed to the light. Additionally, they can grow melanoma under their nails (Iannacone et al., 2014). The prevalence of melanoma is greater in females than in males before the age of 50 years, but the prevalence in males is double by the age of 65 years and almost three times by the age of 80 years. Almost twenty people die every day with melanoma. Melanoma was expected to claim the lives of 6,850 people in 2020, including 4,610 men and 2,240 women. In 2020, the United States projected to have an unprecedented 4,630 losses from skin cancers apart from melanoma and NMSC (Park et al., 2020).Telemedicine is a new field that should not be excluded from skincare: In recent years, users have been able to examine the skin with their smartphones and artificial intelligence algorithms using a handful of skin cancer identification applications. Others give pictures to a dermatologist, whilst others get immediate guidance and supportive tips about self-checking their skin and making an appointment with a doctor. Each year physicians diagnose in the USA, and in 2019, about 200.000 patients will get a diagnosis of melanoma, over 4 million nonmelanomas (such as squamous and basal cell). Basal and spongy cell cancers are more prevalent than melanoma and form on the outer layers of the skin (Park et al., 2020). The skin pigmentation of the cells known as melanocytes is affected by it. It is an active type of cancer that kills about 10,000 people a year. It can be lethal even with early diagnosis. Melanoma of the skin has a 5-year relative survival rate of 93 percent when all phases are combined. When melanoma is detected before it spreads, the relative survival rate over 5 years is 99 percent. At the moment, 83 percent of diagnoses remain in the early stages of development (Tyagi et al., 2012).

Evaluate the ethical and environmental issues raised by the technique

Described the nature of a chosen technique and its biochemical or biological basis – for example genetic fingerprinting, stem cell, gene therapy, recombinant DNA technology.1.2 Given an account of how the technique is applied, e.g., in medicine, agriculture, forensic science.1.3 Described the benefits and/or possible future benefits of the technique1.4 Described any disadvantages and/or possible future disadvantages associated with this technique.2.1 Discussed the ethical and environmental issues associated with the technique and its applications3.1 Used appropriate and relevant diagrams / tables of scientific data.3.2 Written in a suitable scientific style that included appropriate scientific terms and an extensive reference list cited appropriately within the text.

Describe a modern technique based on molecular or cell genetics, its applications and benefits and / or limitations to society

OPTIONAL) By the way, if you liked this reading, you may like this recent report in Mother Jones Magazine about the “Codfather”, a long-time fish pirate on the east coast. Linked HERE (Links to an external site.). Note, this reading is not required but is an extra article if you enjoy the crime detective side of the story. You are writing about Welch’s Shell Games.Papers are a chance to take the more “fact” driven textbook and combine it with some real world knowledge in “readable chapters”. For each paper, please read the assigned paper and create a “summary” of the article, chapter, or work. Summaries are a synthesis of the key ideas and reduce the content down to 1.5 to 2 pages, e.g. cliff notes. In other words, get rid of the fluff. It should still be a coherent story, easily read, should not include any evaluation, and should not include any “I” statements. You will be graded on how well written your summary is including grammar and spelling. Note, it should also not include any “in this article, the author”. Write it from the author’s perspective.The second part is an evaluation of the reading. Here is your chance to critique the reading. What did you like? What did you not like? What confused you? What was too simple? What else should have been or not been included? Who is the target population? Were you interested or bored? Exact questions are not required, but should provide a guide. Typically the evaluation will be about 1/2 a page.Formatting. Standard font. Size 12. Double spaced. Standard margins. Name and author of the paper should be included.See the rubric for how the assignment will be graded. Papers are due at the end of the day on the assigned date and are to be turned in through the Assignment’s Dropbox. Document must be a doc, docx, rtf, or pdf (preferred). PDF’s can be created easily in word, by choosing SAVE AS and then change the type to PDF.RubricPaper Rubric 2020Paper Rubric 2020CriteriaRatingsPtsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeTyped, 12 font, arial or times new roman, double spaced, standard (1″) margins on all side10 ptsFull Marks5 ptsRating Description0 ptsNo Marks10 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeTitle and author of paper included. Includes your information, including name, date, title of assignment.10 ptsFull Marks5 ptsRating Description0 ptsNo Marks10 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSummary…Write a summary of the paper. Summaries are briefs of the initial paper and should be 1.5 to 2 pages. The summary only uses the information in the paper, does not make any opinions, and should not include any “I” statements. It should also be written from the author’s perspective not yours.50 ptsFull Marks38 ptsRating Description25 ptsRating Description0 ptsNo Marks50 ptsThis criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeEvaluation…For the second part, write a 1/2-3/4 page evaluation of the paper.30 ptsFull Marks23 ptsRating Description15 ptsRating Description0 ptsNo Marks30 pts