Criminology

1. Read the Drugs in the Media: Psychedelics: Back in Mainstream Medical Research? located on page 311 of your textbook. Do you believe the “’60s” still has an impact the country today and if so, in what ways? Explain your answer. Submit your answers to your instructor.

Assignment Content

Because of personal experiences and stories in the media, there are many different opinions on the police. To work in the field of policing in today’s environment, it is important to understand the past and those who have had an impact.

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper in which you include the following:

Who is Robert Peel and what is his significance related to policing?
Describe an event that occurred in the Political Era of Policing. How do you feel it has impacted policing today?
Explain what changed in policing during the Professional Era.
Explain the police crises of the 1960s.
Describe at least two developments in policing since 1970.

Include at least two references other than the textbook.

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

For this assignment, you will need to choose which crisis communication techniques you would use at different points of time in two different scenarios.

Scenario One
You are working as a Department of Children and Families (DCF) counselor, and you are meeting with a young, single mother at the DCF office. The mother is present with a close female friend, and you, as the DCF caseworker, must deliver a custody order from the family court. The mother has been deemed temporarily unfit to care for her daughter, who is two years old. As the meeting begins, the mother is seated in a chair, holding her daughter. The mother thought the meeting was a regular monthly meeting and does not know that she is about to lose custody of her daughter. You tell the mother about the custody order stating, “I am sorry about this, but this is the best for your daughter, and you, right now.” The mother begins to cry loudly and is refusing to let go of her daughter.

At this point, what crisis communication technique would you use to immediately handle the situation, and why?
An hour has passed; the mother still will not comply.

You now need to change your choice of crisis communication technique to handle the situation. What crisis communication technique would you use now, and why?
Scenario Two
A security officer (SO) at a local power plant responds to a report of a small group of protestors at the main gate to the property. The SO observes five demonstrators with signs demanding cleaner plant emissions, and they want to deliver a letter to the president of the power company. When asked, they state they will not leave until they deliver the letter. The ages of the demonstrators range from 65 to 80 years old. The SO advises the group, “You are trespassing on private property. I have called the police, and you will be subject to arrest if you do not leave.” The group responds loudly, “Hell no, we won’t go!” When the police arrive, the group is again told to leave. In response, they begin to blow bubbles at the officers.

Acting in the role of the police officer, what crisis communication technique would you use in this situation, and why?
Specifically, the following rubric criteria must be addressed:
Identify a crisis communication technique to immediately handle the situation in Scenario One.
Provide a rationale for the identified technique to immediately handle the situation in Scenario One.
Identify a new crisis communication technique for Scenario One.
Provide a rationale for the new crisis communication technique for Scenario One.
Identify a crisis communication technique for Scenario Two.
Provide a rationale for the identified technique in Scenario Two.
Guidelines for Submission
This assignment must be completed in a written format. Any references must be cited in APA format.

Name some of the legal restraints on police action, and list some types of behaviors that might be considered abuse of police authority.

Make sure to:

1.Write a short essay or paragraph of at least 300 words.
2. Use concrete examples/details and avoid generalities.
3.Address all questions.
4. Use proper grammar and punctuation.
5. If you researched your topic and are using information from what you learned, remember to cite your sources.
6.Do not plagiarize.

Go to the FBI Website and find the most recent statistics on various violent crimes. Focus on hate crimes, find the breakdown by different attributes. Write an analysis as a criminologist on the findings. Include three points you learned in reading about hate crimes from this website.

Your response should be a minimum of two pages typed – double spaced.

Cover pages and reference pages DO NOT count in this two page requirement.

Your paper must be submitted in an APA format with references as appropriate.

THE PROMPT
For your research paper, you will write 10 to 15 pages. The purpose of the paper is to provide the reader with a synopsis of a problem or critical issue in US crime, what we know about the pre-exiting policies that are causing or contributing to one of the problems or issues, and what alternative policy options are recommended.

To begin, you will need to locate a problem or critical issue related to US crime control. Next you should select a policy-oriented research topic that you know or discover is causing the problem or issue. Possible research topics can include, but are not limited to, the following:
• Crime prevention policy targeting delinquency, gun violence, or a particular type of offense or
offender.
• Police policy, for example policies to effectively manage high-risk communities, community-police
relations, or Stop, Question and Frisk.
• Drug policy or ‘The War on Drugs.’
• Policies generated to prevent, intervene, and suppress gangs.
• Policies related to the issue of mentally ill inmates and offenders.
• Sentencing policy and/or prosecution policy.
• Juvenile justice policy.
• Corrections policy (for example, correctional interventions).
• Reentry policy.

Minimum Requirements of the Research Paper/Policy Report:

Your policy report must be between 10- to 15-pages (approximately 2,500 words and 3,500 words). Your policy report must also be double-spaced with 1.0-inch margins and using a 12- point Times New Roman font. I use turnitin to review for plagiarism, and your report should not have a similarity score at or higher than 25% (the reference page and direct quotes are not included in the similarity score that is generated by turnitin).

OVERVIEW OF A POLICY REPORT

The research paper that you write for this class will be in the form of a research-based policy report. As an overview, a policy report is a document that outlines the rationale for choosing a particular policy alternative or course of action in a current policy debate. It is commonly produced in response to a request directly from a decision-maker or within an organization that intends to advocate for the position detailed in the brief. Depending on the role of the writer or organization producing the document, the brief may only provide a targeted discussion of the current alternatives without arguing for a particular one (i.e. those who adopt the role of ‘objective’ researcher). On the other end of the scale, i.e. advocates, the brief may focus directly on providing an argument for the adoption of a particular alternative. Nevertheless for any case, as any policy debate is a market place of competing ideas, the purpose of the policy brief is to convince the target audience of the urgency of the current problem and the need to adopt the preferred alternative or course of action outlined and therefore, serve as an impetus for action.
The key to success is targeting the particular audience for your message. The most common audience for a policy report is a decision-maker or policymaker, but it is also not unusual to use the document to support broader advocacy initiatives targeting a wide but knowledgeable audience (e.g. journalists, diplomats, administrators, researchers). In constructing a policy report that can effectively serve its intended purpose, it is common for it to be the following:
• Focused—all aspects of the research-based policy report (from the message to the layout) need to strategically focused on achieving the intended goal of convincing the target audience. For example, the argument provided must build on what they do know about the problem, provide insight about what they don’t know about the problem and be presented in language that reflects their values, i.e. using ideas, evidence and language that will convince them.
• Professional, not just academic—The common audience for a policy brief is not interested in the research and analysis procedures conducted to produce the evidence, but are very interested to know what scholars know about the problem and potential solutions based on the best available evidence.
• Evidence-based—The research policy report is a communication tool produced by policy analysts and therefore all potential audiences not only expect a rational argument but will only be convinced by argumentation supported by evidence that the problem exists and the consequences of adopting particular alternatives.
• Limited—to provide an adequately comprehensive but targeted argument within a limited space, the focus of the brief needs to be limited to a particular problem or area of a problem.

• Succinct—The type of audiences targeted commonly do not have the time or inclination to read an in-depth 30-page argument on a policy problem. Therefore, it is common that policy briefs do not exceed 10 to 15 pages in length.
• Understandable—This not only refers to using clear and simple language (i.e. not the jargon and concepts of an academic discipline) but also to providing a well-explained and easy to follow argument targeting a wide but knowledgeable audience.
• Accessible—the writer of the research policy report should facilitate the ease of use of the document by the target audience and therefore, should subdivide the text using clear descriptive titles to guide the reader.
• Practical and feasible—the research policy report is an action-oriented tool targeting policy practitioners. As such the it must provide arguments based on what is actually happening in practice with a particular policy and propose recommendations that seem realistic to the target audience.

THE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER/POLICY REPORT
Research-based policy reports directly reflect the different roles that the policy analyst commonly plays, i.e. from researcher to advocate. The type of report that you are writing is one from the more action-oriented, advocacy end of the continuum (but that is nevertheless based purely on evidence and not your opinion). Although there is much variation even at this end of the scale, the most common elements of the policy report are as follows:
• Title of the Policy Report
• Executive Summary
• Context and Importance of the Problem
• Pre-Existing Policies, Policy Options, and Research
• Conclusion
• Policy Recommendations
• Reference Page
The following is a description of each of the elements required in your research policy report (and note that these should be subheadings in your paper):
• Title of the Policy Report—The title aims to catch the attention of the reader and compel him/her to read on and so needs to be descriptive, punchy, and relevant.
• Executive Summary—The executive summary aims to convince the reader further that the brief is worth in-depth investigation. It is especially important for an audience that is short of
time to clearly see the relevance and importance of the report in reading the summary. As such, a 1 to 2 paragraph executive summary commonly includes: A description of the problem addressed; a statement on why the current approach/policy option needs to be

changed; and your recommendations for action. The executive summary should be written after you have completed the rest of your research policy report.
• Context and Importance of the Problem—The purpose of this element of the report is to convince the target audience that a current and urgent problem exists which requires them to take action. The context and importance of the problem is both the introductory and first building block of the brief. As such, it usually includes the following: A clear statement of the problem or issue in focus; a short overview of the root causes of the problem; and a clear statement of the policy implications of the problem which clearly establishes the current importance and policy relevance of the issue. It is worth noting that the length of the problem description may vary considerably from report to report depending on the stage on the policy process in focus, e.g. there may be a need to have a much more extensive problem description for policy at the evaluation stage than for one at the option choosing stage.
• Pre-Existing Policies, Policy Options, and Research—The aim of this element is to detail shortcomings of the current approach or options being implemented and therefore,
illustrate both the need for change and focus of where change needs to occur. It also should detail the evidence about what will likely work better (or not suffer from the shortcomings). In doing so, the critique of policy options usually includes the following: A short overview of the policy option(s) in focus and the evidence illustrating why and how the current approach is failing and why and how another option is not failing (and is hopefully ‘working’). It is also important for the sake of credibility to recognize all opinions in the debate of the issue.
• Conclusion—you need to summarize briefly what the readers should take away from your research review that you did in the previous section.
• Policy Recommendations—The aim of the policy recommendations element is to provide a detailed and convincing proposal of how the failings of the current policy approach need to change. As such this is achieved by including: A breakdown of the specific practical steps or measures that need to be implemented. You may also include a closing paragraph reemphasizing the importance of action. The recommendations should follow the conclusion.
• Reference Page—Since your research policy report is research-driven and evidence- based, you should include a reference page that includes all the journal articles, book chapters, books,
and reputable reports that you used to inform your paper. You should have at least 10, but could have more. Also, you must have in-text cites throughout your paper. Remember, this is not original research by you, thus you should have a copious amount of in-text cites. By way of example, here is a decent illustration of in-text citing:

The swelling of the US system over the last 40 years is due, almost entirely, to an increased rate of incarceration for people of color, mainly for drug-related offenses (Alexander, 2010; Currie, 2013; Sentencing Project, 2010; Tonry, 2011). For young men of color with little education, the prison has become a normal social experience, statistically speaking (Western, 2006). Mass incarceration appears to be with us for years to come as well: while the US prison population recently experienced a slight downtick, estimates suggest that the US carceral system will be larger in 2018 than today (The Pew Charitable Trusts, 2014). This means that, for the foreseeable future, a prison term will serve as a common rite of passage for poor young men of color (Comfort, 2012), an experience that forever dims their life prospects and curtails those of their neighbors, partners, brothers, sisters and children, perhaps for generations to come (Clear, 2007; Wakefield and Wildeman, 2011).

Required Text:
• Van Slyke, Shanna R., Michael L. Benson, and Francis T. Cullen. 2016. The Oxford Handbook of White-Collar Crime. Oxford University Press.
• Johnston, Michael. 2014. Corruption, Contention and Reform: The Power of Deep Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Each student is expected to review/evaluate a recent white-collar crime case based on its nature, damage to individuals/society, outcomes of the crime (for both offenders and victims), and impacts of this crime to society and social policies. It is recommended to google a criminal incident of your interest and try to understand it from media reports and published articles for details of the incident. You will write a persuasive paper as a white-collar professional to pursue the attention of public officials and the general public for better control of similar future incidents from what you have learned in this course. In your commentary, not only should you criticize how the incident was handled, you should provide professional opinions on how to improve the control of similar crimes in the future (which should be reasonable and workable from the readers’ perspective). You may examine the crime’s origins, social context, key organizational environment, and culture that may promote or be related to its development in the society.

The length of this assignment should be no more than 5 pages in the main text (3 to 5 pages). Please use the same format required for the Final Project.

Examples of recent white-collar crimes:

Police brutality
Practice of
Bernie Madoff’s Ponzi scheme
Nissan’s former CEO Carlos Ghosn’s financial crime and being a financial fugitive
Foundations that commit illegal donations and spending
Credit Suisse used trading software to rip off its customers
Price-gauging in pharmaceutical industries
SEC charges ex-Nomura traders with lying about the bond price
Posing as federal agents in phone scams
Others….
You
Jun 25, 22:16
Please DO NOT Copy-Paste from what you read somewhere. The assignment is examined by the SafeAssign Plagiarism test.

Exam’s format should be APA format (including references/citations), 12-point Times New Roman format, double-spaced. Please adopt ONLY ‘Microsoft Words’ or ‘Mac Pages’ software for the assignment. Also, you could submit up to 2 attempts but only the last one will be graded.

Use relevant cases and statutes you have researched throughout the course.

Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that describes the roles and functions of individuals in the criminal justice system and how victimization affects each role.

Evaluate the roles of a prosecutor, defense attorney, criminal, and victim.

Summarize how victimization affects each role.

Answer the following questions:

What are the goals of sentencing associated with each role?
What are the goals of alternative sanctions?
What recommendations do you have regarding victims’ rights?

Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.

The article “Does the Perceived Risk of Punishment Deter Criminally Prone Individuals? Rational Choice, Self-Control, and Crime” examines the relationship between the perceived risk of punishment and criminal behavior (Wright, Caspi, Moffit, & Paternoster, 2004). After reflecting on the article, discuss the findings of the study and why you think the research reached the results. In addition, explain the terms associated with the study of crime and criminology that are used in the article.

What would Cohen suggest that schools should do to reduce the attractiveness of youth gangs for young men? Do you think that Cohen’s theory maintains its value in contemporary society?