Criminology

Mizrahi, Stephanie Lipson, Joshua Dressler, and George Thomas III. 2018. The Law of Criminal Investigations: A College Casebook. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing.Each discussion should be labeled by discussion number so please make that clear to tell by numbering the questions. Each discussion question should be around 100-175 words. Plagiarism free and I want the plagiarism report / turn it in report after assignment is completed.Discussion Question 1-1: Based on your readings this week, identify where you see the failures and successes in the criminal justice system. Based on what you have read, what do you think are the key requirements of a successful criminal justice system. Put another way, how do you define a “successful” criminal justice system. How do you think we are doing so far?Very nice posts by all in this thread! I post these remarks here simply for feedback — not to shut down the conversation. All posts made through December 17 still count.The failures identified in the cases of Brown and Powell are pretty obvious and, I think we can safely say, would not happen today. Most of you also pointed out the key success. The convictions were overturned; no one was actually executed. I know this seems like a pretty low bar by which to judge the success of a criminal justice system, but in the South of the 1930s it was huge. As noted in one of the Notes after Powell, citizens and officials both in Alabama were shocked at the public outrage the original convictions caused. Their reasoning: “We held a trial. They weren’t lynched.”A variety of criteria were listed as part of a successful criminal justice system — of the ideal we are striving for — including integrity, equality, fairness, and punishment that holds people accountable for their actions and provides for justice but also rehabilitates. The general view seems to be that while we have improved tremendously over the decades, very much still needs to be done. The basic foundations and structure of the system are sound — the implementation needs a lot of work.Many called for all defendants to be treated equally. Here lies one of the greatest tensions in the system between fairness and equality, both key values this country was founded on. Equality requires that all defendants accused of the same crime be treated the same and given the same sentence. Fairness requires that individual circumstances such as criminal history, age, mental capacity, intent, and others be taken into account in sentencing. This should be the function of judicial discretion, but abuse of that discretion led to mandatory minimums and other strict sentencing guidelines that reduced judges’ ability to take individual differences into account. Hence, the concerns raised by many of you about overly harsh sentences and a lack of any ability to equip those in prison to return to society. Some of that is a function of the fact that the prison system is simply overwhelmed by the sheer numbers it was never meant to deal with. As a result, we are starting to see a backlash against rigid sentencing schemes and a return of more discretion to frontline judges.Discussion Question 2-1: The now famous concurrence by Justice Harlan in Katz v. United States sets out the two-pronged test that has governed Fourth Amendment law ever since. What is that test? Think about the questions posed in Note 4 following Katz (pg. 90 of our text). As you progress through this course and you (hopefully) gain a better understanding of what the government can and cannot do under the Fourth Amendment, does your expectation of privacy change? Put another way, do criminal justice professionals have a different basis for their expectation of privacy under the Fourth Amendment than do lay citizens? Should they? What role, if any, do the cases of U.S. v. White and Smith v. Maryland play in your answer?Discussion Question 3-1: On page 209, our textbook briefly describes a case called Warden v. Hayden. In note 4 on page 218, our book discusses the case of Welsh v. Wisconsin. Briefly describe the difference between the two cases based on the information you are given. Do you agree with how the Court distinguished these two cases?Discussion Question 4-1: Review note 4 (page 342) following the seminal case of Terry v. Ohio. Which arguments — those of Amar or those of Sundby — do you agree with and why? Assuming that probable cause and the requirements of exigent circumstances obviated the need for McFadden to get a warrant (feel free to challenge that assumption if you wish), was the concept of “reasonable suspicion” needed and worth the uncertainty in the law it seems to have generated?Use this for this link for this question : Discussion Question 6-1: Compare the “questioning” in Rhode Island v. Innis and Brewer v. Williams. Briefly describe what happened in each case. If you were the judge in both cases, which of the incriminating statements would you allow to be used at trial (if either one) and why? Should the answer be different depending on whether the right to counsel is being invoked under the 5th Amendment or the 6th Amendment?Discussion Question 7-1: Do you think we have met the promise of cases like Powell v. Alabama and Gideon v. Wainright? In what ways? What is still left to do? Have your views on the successes and failures of the criminal justice system changed in any way from the beginning of the semester? Why or why not? Support your answer. (For this question, you may want to pay particular attention to the notes and readings after the cases as well as the cases themselves).

Explain the differences between situational ethics and relativism in essay format. Your assignment must be one full page of 300 words or more and include references.

 Criminology studies criminal behavior in society. Criminal behavior is behavior that breaks criminal codes established by our society. In a well-constructed, one page essay (500+ words), discuss the origin, evolution, and modern-day criminal law from the Code of Hammurabi to the current separation of misdemeanors and felonies. What do you see for the future of criminal law? 

In no less than 300 words, identify and discuss in your own words,  the four eras of policing as described in your text. Which era, in your opinion is the most effective? Cite sources, cutting and pasting is not acceptable Your original post is worth up to five points. Responding to two additional posts is worth up to five additional points.

 In 3-4 paragraphs, identify and discuss 3 violent crimes and their characteristics. How are they investigated? Cite work 

In chapter 4, the text mentioned the crime of computer forgery.  Here is a case regarding computer forgery and how digital forensics was able to prove the underlying file was indeed forged.  https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2019/01/17/telltale-font-scuppers-bankruptcy-trust-claim/  Basically, the document claimed to be created (and a printed copy signed and dated as proof, at a time before the fonts used in the document were available. For this discussion, write 200-250 words on your opinion of this case.  Can you think of other digital artifacts that could be used to prove that a computer file is not what it claims to be?https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2019/01/17/telltale-font-scuppers-bankruptcy-trust-claim/  Need this in APA formatting with title page and reference page

 In 2-3 paragraphs discuss the difference and elements between burglary and larceny.  Provide an example of each.  Please include proper citations 

For this assignment, you are one of the following victimologists: von Hentig, Mendelsohn, Schafer, Amir, or Wolfgang. You are to assume their persona and analyze a crime event drawn from the news media through your particular victimological lens.  Explain the theoretical perspective of your persona in detail – the main tenets of your theories, your research, and what it taught you about criminals and their victims (you will probably have to do some additional research beyond the textbook about your victimologist persona). Then learn all you can about the crime, the suspect, the victim, and the judicial outcome of the case is known. Post a minimum 750-word explanation of the event, the actions of the victim and suspect, and the overall circumstances, etc.  Analyze the case in terms of your theory, typology, and victimological viewpoint.  In other words, explain the event from the theoretical lens of the victimologist whose persona you are assuming.  Justify why your assessment of the event is more valid than alternative views.

COMMENTARY PAPERS Students will be responsible for writing and submitting two Commentary papers. Commentary Paper 1 will discuss the student’s current thoughts, ideas, and feelings regarding law enforcement in America, and will be submitted at the beginning of the semester. The paper will afford each student the opportunity to express their thoughts and ideas and form the basis for each student to concentrate on various facets of the law enforcement system. Commentary Papers must be typed, double-spaced in 12 font type, and should be a minimum of 2,000 words but no more than 3,000. There should be 1-inch margins all around and format and presentation are important. Students must utilize footnotes if you cite someone or their work. Proper credit MUST be given to those whose information you use. Please see the American Psychological Association Style (https://apastyle.apa.org/)

describe 3 drugs used in 19th and a 20th century. questions to be answered