Political science

Please answer the following: According to the “The Evolving Terrorist Threat:” article by Joshua Sinai, several examples of the types of warfare terrorists generally employ to achieve their objectives were listed. What were they and how does each empower the terrorist? According to Gerstein, the general agreement now exists that terrorists are “rational” actors. Their actions may not be understood by their victims or the governments and law enforcement agencies that attempt to deal with these threats, but they are far from random irrational acts. Chose a side of this argument and support it with a minimum of three different references. This is a 2 part question 1) Fully explain the CBRN agent threat posed by the group in the video “Rajneeshpuram: An Experiment to Provoke God” (the video can be found in the Week 4 Lesson); 2) and expound on if the key CBRN agent(s) threat they used in their actions is or is not a threat to our homeland today. Base your answer to the second part of the question upon additional research you conduct from the Internet or other reliable sources. Fully explain the threat posed by the 4th Generation (Novichok) Chemical Weapons. How have they been used by the Russian government and what makes them different from previous types of chemical weapons? Your answers should be based upon class readings and additional research you conduct from the Internet or other reliable academic sources. According to Sparrow’s Syria: Death from Assad’s Chlorine there is good chlorine, bad chlorine, and deadly chlorine. How would the same characterizations made in Syria be applied to chlorine use and homeland security in the U.S.?Technical RequirementsYour paper must be at a minimum of 5 pages (the Title and Reference pages do not count towards the minimum limit). Scholarly and credible references should be used. A good rule of thumb is at least 2 scholarly sources per page of content. Type in Times New Roman, 12 points, and double space. Students will follow the current APA Style as the sole citation and reference style used in written work submitted as part of coursework. Points will be deducted for the use of Wikipedia or encyclopedic type sources. It is highly advised to utilize books, peer-reviewed journals, articles, archived documents, etc. For more information read this:  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism

Read the article and write a 5 sentence thesis statement about the article whether affirmative or negative. Prompt: Develop one thesis in response to the week’s readings. This thesis and its explanation should be one paragraph long, with no more than five sentences. Example: “Elgendy claims that Batman is a more praiseworthy superhero than Superman since one should be praised for one’s virtues – such as ingenuity, resourcefulness, and discipline – rather than one’s innate capacities. However, I argue that these “virtues” are not accurately situated if they are separated from the virtue of discernment or prudence, which Batman fails to show. Specifically, Batman neglects to understand his practices in light of Gotham’s social and economic conditions. If he did, he would realize that his nemeses are an after-effect of widespread deprivation and desperation and that his resourcefulness and discipline would be put to more just use in redistributing his fabulous wealth rather than using it to creatively beat up bad guys.” Notes: 1.)  Your thesis may be interpretive – concerning how to understand what we’ve read – or evaluative – making your own argument in response – or some combination of both, keeping in mind that a good thesis is clear, concise, and makes a defined claim. 2.)  You may write about just one of the week’s assigned texts, or more than one, keeping in mind that a good thesis is clear, concise, and makes a defined claim. 3.)  Your thesis should be neither obvious nor beyond the pale. If any reasonable person of goodwill already believes your thesis, then it’s obvious. If any reasonable person of goodwill couldn’t actually affirm your thesis, then it’s beyond the pale. These categories are subject to contestation, but the point of invoking them is to say that we should both express care for each other, even in our thought experiments, and muster enough courage to venture significant claims.

Instructions:Due date: Sunday, November 1 by 11:59 pm.Respond with an essay of about 1,200 words.Save your essay file in either Microsoft Word format (.doc or .docx) or if you use a different word processor, save the file in Rich Text Format (.rtf)Use your last name as your filename.Upload your file here in Canvas.Respond to this question:What does “The Fog of War” inform us about the role of the individual in International Relations? (Think about the individual “level of analysis”.) In addition, synthesize McNamara’s experience in professional life with material about foreign policymaking you learned from Chapter 4 in Lamy, and about Security Policy from Chapter 6 The Fog of War: Official Website  https://www.sonyclassics.com/fogofwar/Errol Morris’ Website on “The Fog of War” http://www.errolmorris.com/film/fow.htmlStudy Guide for “Fog of War” with an Essay by Roger Ebert  https://documentaryheaven.com/the-fog-of-war/

you need to complete at least two responses “the “Final Posts”) of at least 200 words each to classmates by the dates shown in the course schedule.Q1/ In my opinion, constitutions, in short, are frameworks for making politics possible. The text of a written constitution contains different kinds of legal norms that create the basic framework. These norms include rules, standards and principles. Rules and standards exist along a continuum. Rules are norms that don’t require very much practical reasoning to apply.Like standards, principles may also have abstract and vague terms; the difference is that when principles apply to a situation, they do not always apply conclusively, but may be balanced against other considerations.A constitution contains a mixture of these different kinds of norms. They serve different functions. For some purposes, rules are better than standards or principles. Otherwise presidents would tempted to try to stay in power forever, and this might undermine democracy. But some constitutional goals cannot easily be achieved through rules. That is why human rights provisions in constitutions are usually expressed in terms of standards and principles. These are open-ended, abstract, or vague terms that necessarily require construction and implementation by later participants in the system.Constitutions use rules, standards, and principles and to channel and police government action, to establish rules of succession to power, to create institutions that perform government functions, to divide powers among different actors and branches, and to set institutions in competition with each other in order to diffuse and check concentrations of power. Because constitutions not only use rules but also standards and principles – and because they are sometimes silent on certain questions – they are elaborate systems of constraint and delegation to the future.I believe that we must be faithful to the original meaning in the sense of the original semantic and communicative content of the words. But it does not follow that we must apply the constitution’s words in the same way that they would have been applied by the people who wrote them. Thus, the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution guarantees equal protection of the laws. These words have pretty much the same semantic meaning as they did in 1868. But the people who wrote them did not expect that the words would require modern notions of sex equality. In applying the Equal Protection Clause today, we are bound only by the original meanings of the words – which in this case is the same as the contemporary meaning – and not the original expected application.Because a constitution is a framework, it must be built out over time, and different generations must participate in that project. As each generation gets involved, change inevitably occurs. Moreover, many different people and groups in society participate in the construction of the constitution– not only judges and lawyers, or politicians, but also members of civil society and ordinary individuals.These groups participate in official ways: for example, by creating laws and judicial doctrines. They also participate in unofficial ways: for example, through social influence, political organization, and cultural change. To understand constitutional development, we must take account of both the official and the unofficial contributions to constitutional construction.Q2:Anyone approaching the topic of constitutional interpretation inevitably encounters the question of whether it has some specific trait that distinguishes it from other objects or forms of legal interpretation. Whatever the theory of legal interpretation to which one adheres, whether one regards it as a function of knowledge or as a function of the will, one necessarily presupposes that the constitutional interpretation is a species of the genus “ legal interpretation ”and one seeks to distinguish it from other species of the same genus, the interpretation of laws, that of international treaties, administrative acts, or contracts of private law. But, if the question is always the same, the type of answer one gives depends in part on the theory of interpretation on which one relies.Thus, those who believe that interpretation is a function of knowledge are obviously tempted to seek the specificity of constitutional interpretation in the specificity of its object. As the constitution is not a text like any other, constitutional interpretation is different from the interpretation of laws or treaties. In this regard, theorists who adhere to an intermediate or mixed theory agree with the proponents of interpretation-knowledge theory. According to the intermediate theory, in fact, interpretation is an act of will by which the authentic interpreter chooses within a frame among several possible meanings, while the determination of the frame would result from an act of knowledge.Americans constitutional theory presents an opposition between, on the one hand, the arguments in favor of a living constitution capable of adapting to change, and, on the other, the demand to restore the original meaning of the constitution. these two positions stem from a common observation: the recognition of the disappearance of the world which produced the old constitution. This experience of constitutional modernity gives rise to equal and opposite tendencies: the need to cling to the past, its symbols, and its concrete manifestations on the one hand and, on the other hand, the need to transcend the past through adaptation pragmatic to a world that is no longer the same.

The guidelines for the writing of survey readings ( attached below )of two reading materials are as follow: The four-page reflection is a critical reading analysis — where you may include key questions and/or critique. ? A critical analysis is subjective writing because it expresses the writer’s opinion based on the evaluation of texts. ? It will be important to identify the key theme(s) and the purpose of your reading, analyze the importance of the main idea(s). ? Have one or two key questions as points of inquiry. Summarize your readings and observations with reason. ? Consider the following questions: 1. Why/how did the readings affect you? 2. How is the material organized? 3. What does it clearly address? 

1000 Words Essay Topic: Briefly Describe The Five Different Theories Of The Causes Of Terrorism Found On Pp. 274-281, And Then State Which Cause You Find Most Compelling (I.E., Which One You Think Explains Terrorism The Best) And Explain Why. Requirements: 1)   You must write a minimum of 1000 words, but that is only a required minimum. Excellent papers will likely exceed that requirement. That said, do not think of this as a major research paper. Do a thorough job, but be concise and to the point—1200-1500 words is a good upper limit suggestion. 2)   You may use the textbook as a source, but do not limit yourself to the textbook; I expect you to do some research outside of the text.3)   For all outside sources you use, you must properly cite your sources (I don’t care what format you use), both in the text itself and in a bibliography or works cited page.4)   Don’t plagiarize! Plagiarism is defined as taking someone else’s words, ideas, or arguments, incorporating them into your paper (that does not mean they need be taken word for word), and passing them off as your own writing. Here’s the simple rule: If you get some idea from any source, be it a book, website, online lecture, or magazine, CITE THE SOURCE YOU GOT IT FROM. If you are unsure, err on the side of the citation. Plagiarizing will mean a zero for the paper, and ignorance of what is plagiarism is no excuse.5)   Your paper must be typed and double-spaced (all academic documents are double spaced), and I will be taking points off for writing errors (i.e., spelling, punctuation, grammar, etc.).6)   Include the word count somewhere on the paper. 

Assignment 1: Evaluating Sources for a Historical Topic Due: Week 3 Points: 105 Skill(s) Being Assessed: Problem Solving Criteria for Success: In this assignment, you will: Identify sources relevant to your topic. Identify key elements of the documents (who, what, when, why). Effectively identify biases and perspectives of your sources. Effectively identify facts present in the sources. Effectively identify why the source is credible. What to submit/deliverables: Questions submitted in Chapter 3 of the web text. What is the value of doing this assignment? This assignment gives you an opportunity to practice the skill of problem-solving. It will show that you can find and evaluate relevant, reliable, and credible sources. Problem-solving is a universal skill and one you will continue to refine as you progress throughout your career. This assignment asks you to use what you’ve learned in the first three weeks of the course about finding and evaluating sources. Worried about where to start? The good news is that you’ve already laid the foundation with the web text activities in Chapters 1 and 2. This assignment will use what you wrote in those activities to help you record your response. Your goal for this assignment is to: Practice your problem-solving skill. You will do this by applying what you know about sourcing to evaluate sources on your chosen topic. What you need to complete this assignment: Your chosen issue and topic from Chapters 1 and 2 of the web text.The answers you provided in Chapter 3 of the web text. Your completed assignment, downloaded from Chapter 3 of the web text and uploaded and submitted to Assignment 1 in Week 3 of Blackboard. Steps to complete: In Week 3, complete the assignment and submit it to the Week 3 Assignment 1 link in Blackboard using the following steps: STEP 1: Review the scenario: Imagine you represent your company at a service organization dealing with one of these two issues: Facing Economic Change or Engaging Civil Rights. Your supervisor has asked you to research information related to the history of one of these issues for your organization to help new employees and volunteers understand it better. Your predecessor already started a list of sample primary and secondary sources and collections of sources.In this assignment, you will take the first step in creating your presentation to help new employees and volunteers understand how historical events can be applied to one of the issues currently affecting your organization. To do the research necessary for your presentation, you will need to choose four sources that are credible and relevant for the issue facing your organization.STEP 2: Using the writing templates in Chapters 1 and 2 of the webtext, you will select the specific issue or topic you want to address and identify keywords that can focus your search for and identification of sources.STEP 3: Then, from a collection of sources, you will choose two primary and two secondary sources that have relevant information for the historical events you want to include in your presentation. To put together your list of sources, the web text writing templates will guide you through a set of questions to evaluate the credibility of each one.

Define and differentiate political parties and interest groups. Why does the U.S. have a two-party system? In your informed opinion, should the U.S. remain a two-party system or shift to a multiparty system? What is being balanced here? Do you see a shift in the party system happening? Identify four types of interest groups. Are you a member of an interest group or political party? Why/why not? Are political parties or interest groups more powerful? Why?

Paul Greenberg’s article on June 27, 2010, New York Times Magazine discusses the perilous fate of the Bluefin Tuna (http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/magazine/27Tuna-t.html (Links to an external site.)). The conclusion of the article states: “Perhaps people will never come to feel about a tuna the way they have come to feel about whales. Whales are, after all, mammals: they have large brains; they nurse their young, and breed slowly. All of that ensconces them in a kind of empathic cocoon, the warmth of which even the warmest-blooded tuna may never occupy. But what we can perhaps be persuaded to feel, viscerally, is that industrial fishing as it is practiced today against the bluefin and indeed against all the world’s great fish, the very tigers and lions of our era, is an act unbefitting our sentience. An act as pointless, small-minded, and shortsighted as launching a harpoon into the flank of a whale.” Read the article and then comment on the plausibility of an international environmental regime to save the species.  Is it possible?  Is it necessary?  Do you agree that the development of such a regime would be more difficult in comparison to whales?   Please submit an original post (no less than 150 words) by Friday @ 11:59 pm and at least one response post (approximately 75 words) by Sunday @ 11:59 pm. Total points possible: 20 (15 points for the original post, and 5 points for response post). NOTE: If you are using any external source (media or articles), please provide the link so that others can access the reference. Please read all questions carefully and answer all of them completely. Be sure to provide an adequate explanation and supporting arguments for all of your answers. Don’t forget to back up your arguments with concrete examples from the assigned readings or other sources you may have consulted, and please remember to provide adequate citations for any references used. Your answers must demonstrate that you have read and understood the assigned readings. You must use APA style citation format for all citations and references, and don’t forget to include a list of references in the appropriate format. If you are unfamiliar with APA formatting, please see the link below for guidelines. 

Power and ideas about that power have always gone hand in hand. As Shelley illustrated in his poem, sometimes the idea of that power (in his case, Ozymandias = Rameses II) will survive that very power, until all that remains is memory. But how is that memory transmitted over time? How is the extent of a country’s power and culture communicated throughout time and space? After an introductory text, we will be reading theories about cultural memory and soft power to begin our discussion. Guiding Discussion Questions:  What is Culture? What is Politics? Can you think about how they are intertwined? What distinguishes cultural memory from regular and communicative memory? What transmission mechanisms/media are you aware of?