Political science

Your task is to offer a detailed critique of a peer-reviewed article you locate in the CSU Online Library. The article must be related to explaining how the needs of certain groups of individuals or institutions (e.g., veterans, the elderly, the poor, hospitals, or clinics) can determine how the government on the local, state, or federal level spends their money. Using the first few pages of Chapter 1 as a guide, select a specific group of individuals or institutions in our society as part of your search. In your critique, address the following questions/points: What are the main points and arguments of the author(s)? What is your opinion of the article? How does the article relate to your experience or current job in the public or nonprofit sector? How can the points and arguments of the author(s) be applied to the public sector in a practical sense? Describe how positive and negative externalities could affect the efficiency with which governments can allocate their resources to provide for the needs of citizens. The critique must be two double-spaced pages). Be sure to cite all borrowed, quoted, and paraphrased material appropriately in APA style. Your professor is most interested in your opinion For more information on Resources read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource

“The argument that a voucher system will increase the social efficiency of primary schooling is weakened if there is a high degree of Tiebout sorting on the basis of  income status and race.”  Agree or Disagree with the statement above, given that there are significant positive externalities associated with primary education and local property taxes are a major source of primary school funding in the United States. As described in the text, Fischel (1989) argued that California’s Serrano v. Priest school finance equalization induced voters to limit property taxes in California. Following this argument, would an alternative school finance equalization that produced increased spending for low-wealth communities using state funds be more, less, or equally likely to induce a property tax limitation in California? Explain. Express your own view, choosing to be in favor, or against a progressive voucher program (see Robert Reich).  What problems would this proposal present from a public choice perspective?  And do you believe that Moving to Opportunity Programs offer a better solution to the problem of quality primary schooling for low-income?  Post one thoughtful reply to another student concerning their answer #3 above.  Try to pick a student who has no reply. For more information on Voucher Program read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_voucher

The Policy Paper Prepare a formal research paper regarding the selected policy. The assignment must be between 5-8 pages excluding quotations, cover page, and Works Cited page(s). The essay should address the following: An introduction and brief overview of the policy topic. What are the major issues facing each level of government? What are the reasons for initiating changes to the policy? What are the options to be considered (discuss several)? What are the pros and cons of each potential reform (costs v. benefits)? Which is the best option moving forward (pick one)? A summary and conclusion Do not use first person in the proposal or final policy paper! The paper body must be a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 8 full pages in body length, double-spaced. No more and no less is necessary for this activity. Keep direct quotes to a minimum; do not use block quotations. All key arguments, facts, assertions, and claims must be supported with research. The references approved in the policy proposal must be used in the policy paper: you may add additional sources (and should if you seek an A on the assignment), but you must seek approval from the instructor at least 72 hours before the policy paper due date if you intend to change any of the scholarly sources approved in the proposal. There will be no opportunity to revise and resubmit this assignment. Failure to meet the minimum research and writing requirements will result in a zero for the entire assignment (no partial credit will be awarded as this is a formal institutional assessment). A zero on this assignment will result in a failing grade for the course. Finally, add a cover page and include the References (also known as Works Cited) page at the end. Submit all pages together as one file to the assignment dropbox. Special Notes The grading standards used to assess the quality of your work for this project will be detailed in a grading rubric, which will be provided during the semester. It is strongly suggested that every student read ahead and use the library database during the first days of the course to begin researching a topic. This project requires carefully planning throughout the semester.

Step 4 – The Policy Paper Prepare a formal research paper regarding the selected policy. The assignment must be between 5-8 pages excluding quotations, cover page, and Works Cited page(s). The essay should address the following: An introduction and a brief overview of the policy topic. What are the major issues facing each level of government? What are the reasons for initiating changes to the policy? What are the options to be considered (discuss several)? What are the pros and cons of each potential reform (costs v. benefits)? Which is the best option moving forward (pick one)? A summary and conclusion Do not use the first person in the proposal or final policy paper! The paper body must be a minimum of 5 and a maximum of 8 full pages in body length, double-spaced. No more and no less is necessary for this activity. Keep direct quotes to a minimum; do not use block quotations. All key arguments, facts, assertions, and claims must be supported with research. The references approved in the policy proposal must be used in the policy paper: you may add additional sources (and should if you seek an A on the assignment), but you must seek approval from the instructor at least 72 hours before the policy paper due date if you intend to change any of the scholarly sources approved in the proposal. There will be no opportunity to revise and resubmit this assignment. Failure to meet the minimum research and writing requirements will result in a zero for the entire assignment (no partial credit will be awarded as this is a formal institutional assessment). A zero on this assignment will result in a failing grade for the course. Finally, add a cover page and include the References (also known as Works Cited) page at the end. Submit all pages together as one file to the assignment dropbox. Special Notes The grading standards used to assess the quality of your work for this project will be detailed in a grading rubric, which will be provided during the semester. It is strongly suggested that every student read ahead and use the library database during the first days of the course to begin researching a topic. This project requires carefully planning throughout the semester.

 Do you think that Europe is a safer place to live in now compared with at the height of the Cold War?  For more information on Europe read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe

Instructions You are a lobbyist for an issue that you find important. For example, you would like to see the banning of smoking in federal buildings (Note: This policy has already been enacted.) You are going to make an informational pamphlet to highlight your points to prominent members of Congress. Research members of Congress that you will target in your lobbying. Explain why these members are critical to your goal. Make a plan of action and produce a pamphlet supporting your cause. Who will you be reaching out to? Why? Write a cover letter to a Congressional member and include your reasoning for reaching out to them in particular in the letter. Remember a lobbyist is only as good as the information they provide. A lobbyist who provides incomplete or unreliable information will soon be unemployed or lose access to officials. The cover letter should follow a standard business format Correctly address your Congressperson Use the correct postal address Explain your choice to write to this representative in particular, and provide your pamphlet. For example, maybe your research showed that this representative sponsored legislation on this issue in the past. Pamphlet should: Define the problem. Tells us exactly what the problem is. Detail its urgency and provide data. Be objective. Analyze the problem. Provide relevant data. Tell us how to make sense of the data. Provide any findings Offer a recommendation. Do not generalize. Be specific. Must be persuasive. Cite four scholarly sources Submit your cover letter and pamphlet for grading. Writing Requirements (APA format). Length: Cover letter to Congressman should be only 1-page Pamphlet should be 5 pages in length 1-inch margins  12-point Times New Roman font Reference page (minimum of 4 scholarly sources) For more information on Banning of Smoking read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban

Assignment: Research Paper After reading the selections from Lessons 2 and 3, choose one of the following topics to find out more about, and write a clearly developed and well-formed research paper on your chosen topic. Follow the writing process and be sure to cite two or more sources using MLA format. Your paper should be written following basic MLA rules.    Topics (Choose one and using your sources cited in MLA format, answer the questions below) Using your source(s), explore the question: How did a diversity of views transform American society? Provide research in addition to your own analysis of some of the texts from lesson 2 such as “American Jezebel,” “Repeal the Stamp Act!” and “Declaration of Independence.” What ideas from the text reveal answers to the question? Use both outside sources and textual evidence from the selections in the course to develop your essay. Past literary movements continue to be influential. Consider romanticism, realism, and modernism. How influential were ideas from those periods?  Is that influence clearly seen in the texts you have read? Explain with textual evidence from both outside sources as well as from any of the stories from lesson 3.   Research and discuss this idea of money, status, and marriage during any periods you read about in lesson 3. Explain ideas from any of those periods, using both outside sources and ideas from the texts from lesson 3 such as Pride & Prejudice, After the Ball, and The Glass Menagerie. What were some of the social classes of this time? What problems were caused because of classism? Do we experience classism still today? How is that reflected in our society compared to how it was during any of those periods? Consider the types of jobs available to people, depending on social classes during that time. How do jobs nowadays reflect one’s social status? Research and discuss the role of women historically and present. What were some of the abuses of women? Consider the role women play in today’s society, are they still subject to similar abuse? Use ideas from the stories you have read in this course as well as from outside sources for support in analyzing women historically and present. Click HERE for a sample literary research paper that uses MLA style.  General paper guidelines: Your paper is to be a full 400–500 words 4–5 paragraph essay, with supporting in-text citations and a reference list. You are to use citations from both literature and research. For more information on Declaration of Independence read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence

I uploaded the print direction in the file. there are 3 links need to be click in to read. – the paper should consist of at least 5 paragraphs (2 pages in length) following this format: 1. Introduction Paragraph: Summarizes the purpose of the paper, uses an attention-getting devise to draw the reader in. 2. Paragraphs 2-3: Provide a summative analysis of federalism, tracing its evolution throughout U.S. history to where we are today. 3. Paragraph 4: Provide an analysis of a current topic or issue pertaining to federalism. A. Describe the issue or topic b. Describe the relationship to federalism (I.e. what are the states doing vs. What is the federal government doing?) c. Describe why the issue is controversial regarding governance 4. Conclusion paragraph: Summarize the paper and tie it all together.

Analyze how Senior Leaders assist in the development of organizations and leaders to achieve results by integrating leadership competencies and experience into an organizational-level leadership position. Assignment: Write 4-6 page substantive essay adhering to the appropriate APA 7th Edition writing standards, NOT including title page or reference page, demonstrating an understanding of three ELOs presented during term from each of the three modules (pick one ELO from each module).  ELO: Critical Thinking and Assessments Organizational Power and Influence/Servant Leader Leadership and Communication Leadership Development/Developing Ethical Organizations As you write, think about what are the major takeaways from the ELO’s and the applicability as a future graduate of the course. The goal of this reflection is not to rewrite what you have previously written about in the preceding three modules verbatim from your module journal assignments. The outcome of this reflective exercise is to provide you an opportunity to reflect on the material presented and its application as a Senior leader.  Reflect on how they apply as a Senior leader and describe how you would apply them along with an accurate example to demonstrate your level of understanding through analysis, self-reflection, and self-awareness. Additionally, this reflection exercise will serve as a conduit for your course capstone oral presentation (C600) that you will present during Phase III of the resident course. In reviewing the ELOs, write how you can employ the lessons learned as a graduate. List at a minimum of one reference per ELO for a minimum of three references utilized during the term. should be:· Typed· Double Spaced the entire paper IAW APA 7th Edition 20 · Standard-sized paper (8.5″ x 11″)· 1″ margins on all sides · Size 12 pt. Times New Roman font · Use flush-left alignment and ragged right; do not divide words at the end of the line. · Indent paragraphs five spaces (Set the tab key) · Use one space at the end of a sentence. · Abbreviations: The first time you use a term, spell it out in full, followed by its abbreviation in parentheses; thereafter, you may use the abbreviation only. For more information on Senior Leaders  read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Senior+Leaders+&title=Special%3ASearch&go=Go&ns0=1

Provide a 500-word minimum post that reflects upon what bills you would propose? If you had to pick one policy topic and draft a bill on it what would it be, what would the bill say? How would this bill make your life better? For more information on Bills  read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill