Psychology

Read chapter 6 and view the videos. Think of cases in your own life when punishment worked effectively and other cases when it did not. In an essay of at least five paragraphs discuss what were the differences between the two situations? Why did it work in some cases but not in others?  Be sure to include the definition of punishment in your response.

The continued trend for kids to try drugs at a younger age is extremely concerning.  Using Erikson’s stages of development, talk about how drug usage can affect kids in the Industry vs. Inferiority Stage.   What I am expecting:  Explain what is happening at that stage – make sure I can tell that you understand Industry vs. Inferiority Now…if a child is in that stage and using drugs, what might happen that is specific to that age group?  How will the drugs impact this stage? Now –  Using Erikson’s stages of development, talk about how drug usage can affect kids in the Identity vs. Role Confusion Stage.   What I expect: Describe this stage. Now, if a person/child is using drugs during this stage, how will this impact him/her – relate it SPECIFICALLY to that stage.

REACTION PAPER TOPIC: Give a brief description of both classical and operant conditioning pointing out the creator and his intentions and experiments. Compare and contrast them both? Do you believe the same experiments would yield the same information today? For this assignment address the following: Who created the two types of conditioning and what were some of their experiments. How are they similar and how are they different? What do they measure? Answer the question if the experiments would have the same outcome or a different one. Explain your answer. Writing the Assignment Must be two to three double-spaced pages in length (not including title and reference pages) and formatted according to APA style. Must include a title page with the following: Title of paper Student’s name Course name and number Instructor’s name Date submitted Must begin with an introductory paragraph that has a succinct thesis statement. Begin with an introduction to the selected topic in which you define all concepts that will be discussed in the paper. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must end with a conclusion that reaffirms your thesis. Conclude with an answer to the selected question. Did the evidence you surveyed answer the question satisfactorily? Include your analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the available evidence. Must use at least two scholarly sources. NO WIKI ANYTHING It is important that you ask yourself if the articles specifically address the selected topic. It is not always easy to find the right articles. Thus, give yourself some time to search before you finalize your selection. You may reference your textbook and other required materials from the course. Must document all sources in APA style. Must include a separate reference page. The reference section will be the final page of the paper. Rubric Reaction and Research Paper Rubric Reaction and Research Paper Rubric Criteria Ratings Pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Writing Skills Proper grammar, sentence structure. No spelling errors. Meets page length requirement and shows fluid thought and concept understanding in writing. 40.0 pts Full Marks 23.0 pts Partial Marks 0.0 pts No Marks 40.0 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome Content Understanding Writing shows a clear understanding of materials. Utilizes very clear and effective concepts to describe and/or support the concepts. Uses supporting concepts with the writing. 50.0 pts Full Marks 30.0 pts Partial Marks 0.0 pts No Marks 50.0 pts This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome APA Format Uses correct APA citations within the written text. Uses correct reference documentation at the end of the paper. Provides a title page, abstract, content and reference section all separated clearly within the paper. 10.0 pts Full Marks 6.0 pts Partial Marks 0.0 pts No Marks 10.0 pts Total Points: 100.0 Previous Next Submission  Not Submitted! Submission Details Grade: 0% (100 pts possible) Graded Anonymously: no Comments:

Title Needs to be professional, concise, and informative. Originality encouraged. Abstract A paragraph no more than 250 words giving a brief summary of the background literature, aim, hypotheses, method, results, conclusion, and future directions of the current study. Introduction (~625 words) In this section, you will need to summarise and evaluate current findings and theories in the area of learning and memory. This is when you should introduce relevant terms and issues, remembering to provide definitions for technical terms. This section should also include descriptions of past studies, and a critical analysis of their findings. You need to think about whether appropriate methods and controls were employed in their study so that results are valid and reliable, as well as if the conclusions were logically drawn from the findings. The introduction should end with the hypothesis of the current study that is based on the research question provided in this section below. You are required to create the directional hypotheses. It should follow naturally from the introduction. You also need to make sure that the prediction you are making has been rationalised (i.e., the prediction is made using information from the introduction).  Research question How does auditory interference affect recall of visual and auditory information? For your Research Report, you need to transform the above research question into a directional hypothesis, based on the literature in your introduction section. Method (This is provided in this document for your information. It should not be pasted into your report). Results (~200 words) The SPSS output tables are provided (page 5 of this handout) and will be discussed in the tutorials. The tables do not need to be replicated. However, you will need to write a paragraph describing the results and report the statistics in APA 6th edition format in your research report. Attending the tutorials will help you to understand how to write this section efficiently and accurately. The tables are available for your use in the ‘appendices’ WORD document (see Assessment section of the class space) and should be included in your report appendices section located after the reference list. You will also need to draw a bar graph based on the means provided in the ‘Group Statistics’ table. Please label the axes appropriately. Discussion (~625 words) In this section, you will analyse and critically evaluate findings from the current study, and relate them back to past findings and theories that you have written about in your introduction. You should give one or more explanations for the current findings, and discuss the validity of the explanation(s). How are the current findings similar/different to past findings and why? What conclusions can be drawn? You should also discuss potential limitations of the current study and how they may be improved upon in the future. Please limit methodological limitations to those that may systematically influence the results. References (not included in word count) You need to provide in text referencing throughout the report, as well as a reference list at the end of the report. APA 6th edition formatting is required throughout. Failure to use this will lead to a lower grade (see marking rubric). Core papers Bigelow, J., & Poremba, A. (2014). Achilles’ Ear? Inferior Human Short—Term and Recognition Memory in the Auditory Modality. PLoS ONE 9(2), e89914. Marsh, J.E., Hughes, R.W., & Jones, D.M. (2009). Interference by process, not content, determines semantic auditory distraction. Cognition, 110, 23–38 Banbury, S.P., Macken, W.J., Tremblay, S., & Jones, D.M. (2001). Auditory Distraction and ShortTerm Memory: Phenomena and Practical Implications. Human Factors, 41(1), 12-29 Formatting Please follow APA style formatting and referencing

For this case study, you will review the case scenario which is a detailed description of a person who may be experiencing distress. This written case information includes history and symptoms, and all other relevant information necessary for drawing conclusions. You are responsible for reviewing the case and explaining how various counseling approaches would handle the case. You must use TWO counseling approaches/theories to describe the distress, the expected duration of treatment, and which techniques the a counselor from each perspective would use. The paper must be at least 6 pages (typed, double-spaced, one inch margins). The title and reference pages do not count towards the 6 pages. You are required to cite any sources used within the text of your report (see APA Publication Manual). Case materials are below.

Research the leading causes of divorce and how it effects the children.

1. Do some online research on the term “developmentally appropriate practice (DAP).” In your own words, describe what this looks like for infants and toddlers. Be sure to discuss the teacher’s role when this philosophy is used. 2. Watch the 2 You Tube videos found at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v38NptqlnUI (Infant DAP) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfGz5hHR65U (Toddler DAP). Answer the following questions: a. How are these teachers meeting infants’ and toddlers’ emotional needs? b. How are they helping children learn?

Critically read all responses and respond to at least two other classmates’ postings. In 100-150 words, you should challenge or expound upon his/her initial post — not just a “well done” phrase or “I agree.” Consider points of agreement, disagreement, assumptions, and value judgments. You should provide new insight or constructive comments. If someone else has responded to the same post, you must take into account response in your response, as well. RESPOND TO : As our world turns to revolve around technology more and more each year, we see increased opportunities to radically change our known ways of perceiving life. A critically important aspect of our lives is learning; our actions and responses to stimuli are results of our learned behavior, in combination with our biological nature. Learning is a process where humans obtain and absorb knowledge or information from social, cultural, and academic experiences. This definition does not specifically address the by product of learning, or the other have of the two way association. Associative learning can occur in two ways, but both involve recognizing the response or the consequence of a stimulus. Yes, the definition of learning I provided addresses the basics of the acquisition of knowledge, but nevertheless, it does not include the brain processes involved in grasping a concept.  The brain can grasp a concept in many different ways, and remember it to a variety of extents. For many people, online learning has been very difficult because of the distractions in their room and house, the blue light’s effect on health, and lack of interaction. However, this article speaks to why it may be a good thing and can potentially broaden the scope of learning strategies for teachers. I have had many teachers at RE who have many different teaching styles. I would like to point out my history class last year where we rarely had in person tests or quizzes, but surely had a ton of take home assignments/assessments as well as essays. I never liked this because the questions were always so hard, so analytical- the answers were never in my notes, the textbook, or on google. However, I now realize that this truly helped me develop a strong, in depth understanding of the subject because of how much I had to think about it and develop my own arguments. On the other hand, there are teachers who work simply off of memorization, in which case students study hard, take the assessment, and forget everything they learned the following week. I think what COVID19 has done is force educators into a lane closely related to the first class I mentioned. This is because teachers cannot monitor student resources while they take tests alone in their room and there is simply a different effect overall. This type of conditioning allows students to learn more effectively. Online learning has the potential to be very effective due to the pressure on not giving plain old tests and quizzes. Teachers are being forced to find other ways to assess students’ attainment of knowledge. In school each day every student attends class not only to learn the material but also to experience brain development, memory techniques, and other life skills. Our school fosters an environment of growth mindsets. We, as students, can be taught algebra and vocab words, but we learn moral and ethical values through real life experience. Learning to me is ongoing throughout life, you do not have to be engaged in classes to learn. As we read, we learn from experience, any experience that is. Whether it is cognitive or behavioral, learning is a necessary part of life.   Patel states in the article “ there is no reason why remote and online teacher education cannot achieve principles of effective learning design in teacher education such as an orientation to pupil outcomes, differentiation for teacher starting points, support for high quality collaboration and reflective practice.” (Patel 2020)  To what extent do you agree with this claim? Do you think online learning is as effective as in person school? Are there other factors influencing our ability to learn right now?   Dewall, C. N., & Myers, D. G. (2018). Myers’ psychology: For the AP course. New York, NY:  Bedford, Freeman & Worth High School Publishers. Patel, H. S. (2020, September 24). Research concludes that remote learning might not be a bad thing. Phys.org. https://phys.org/news/2020-09-remote-bad.html.  – other persons comment on this discussion post already that u must take into account ——— Amazing response, Rachel. I really loved how you decided to defend the article and go into depth about online school benefits. I also thought it was really effective that you listed the downsides and then compared them to online learning positives. Although you made some good points about the positives, I think the negatives outweigh the fact that learning may be more analytical just because teachers can also do that in school. If you look at online learning as a whole, it is not as effective because people, especially younger people, need social interactions that are not available when stuck at home all day. I believe it is also not good to mix the home environment with the school environment because, at least in my experience at the end of the last school year, it was tough and frustrating staying at home all day for weeks. I felt like I was stuck, and that had a negative impact on my mental health. Not only does in-person school allow for social interactions, but I also think it is also easier to build relationships with your teachers if you are present in class. Lastly, I think it has been a struggle for some teachers to work online and with technology because, in some of my other classes, a lot of time has been wasted due to technical issues or teachers not knowing how to do a certain task online.  To answer your questions, I believe there is a way for online learning and teaching to work, but I do not think it is the most effective way. All of my reasons in the paragraph before explain why I believe it is not as effective, but there are plenty of other factors contributing to its ineffectiveness. Additionally, I concentrate more in class because distractions are not easily accessible (AKA, my phone), and loud noises like my dog barking would never occur in school.  SECOND RESPONSE to respond to :   To define learning, we have to consider all the kinds of learning mentioned in our textbook: associative learning, observational learning, abstract learning, latent learning, and insight learning. By looking at their similarities, I would define learning as a change in behavior, to keep it as broad as possible. The reasons for that change don’t have to be defined, so that it can be adapted to different experiences. Still, experiences are pretty key to the changes in behavior.      Conceptually, measuring learning should not be difficult, since you can just look at changes in behavior. Schools apply this through testing and homework, where you can obtain measured results. Still, testing experiences vary from person to person, and do not always accurately show how much was learned.  In those cases, projects and essays might better reflect their learning, since they aren’t timed and allow outside resources while still demonstrating individual thought. I would think that at its core, the function of school is to teach students basic knowledge so that they can benefit society. Our educational system was built around that, and has focused on academics over art and creativity for that reason. I think this makes it difficult to change how we educate students today. School learning mostly applies operant conditioning, although other kinds of learning can fit too. Through grades, schools positively reinforce good effort from students. Depending on the teacher, praise can also be an application of that positive reinforcement. Some teachers might apply punishment by scolding students for misbehavior, especially with younger students. Classical conditioning can be applied to people individually. I have seen people use a certain perfume or chew gum before a test because they believed that it resulted in better scores.      I agreed with the general idea of the article, but think it only applies to specific situations. Hasan Patel said that “there is no reason why remote and online teacher education cannot achieve principles of effective learning,” but I don’t think that’s true. As long as a teacher’s general teaching style is mostly lecture-based, then the transition to online lectures would not make a big difference. With other teachers, the impact might be greater. The issue that the article should have mentioned is attention. It is harder to pay attention to a screen for extended periods of time, and our devices offer a lot of options to get distracted. Worse yet, a student could unintentionally apply operant conditioning, by associating the distraction on their laptops with their class. The distraction could become a reward, and develop into a habit of inattention.      Another issue with online learning can be participation, especially if it isn’t enforced. How can operant conditioning be applied to getting students to participate verbally or through chat functions?  References Patel, S., H. (2020, September 24). Research Concludes that Remote Learning Might not be a Bad Thing. PhysOrg.     https://phys.org/news/2020-09-remote-bad.html. – response from other peer already on this one that u must take into account——–  I like that you define learning broadly, as a “change in behavior” because I think that is a clever way to sum up the idea of learning generally. However, maybe learning itself isn’t the change, but rather what causes or leads to the change. Additionally, yes learning can be shown in testing and assessments, but, as you mentioned, testing is not always an accurate representation of learned information or behavior. Oftentimes tests provoke anxiety and stress which impedes our ability to perform well. Projects and essays have a greater opportunity to demonstrate depth of knowledge. To add to your definition of a school’s purpose, I think it is important to acknowledge that we need more than just facts to contribute to society. School gives us real life social experience and interaction, so we can learn how to work with others and develop our character. Also, you say that a teacher whose class is mostly lecture based won’t have trouble transitioning to online learning. I disagree with that claim because of two things- first is that the teacher cannot read the room and so it is hard to adapt their teaching style to feedback they receive. Second is that students have much greater freedom to daze off and be distracted by things in their room that are not present in a classroom. However, as you asked, I think more operant conditioning and positive/negative reinforcement can be in a remote environment to improve it. This could be rewards for actively engaging in the class. Maybe this could take shape by implementing a participation grade; the more the student intellectually contributes to the class, the higher their participation grade will be. All students want a good grade, therefore it is a reward.  PLEASE DO 150 words for each response because thats what i paid for even thoug she gives option to respond with 100 words. Im a senior in highschool but i put college level because our teacher expects us to write like that

I am going to upload files that include all instructions. Introduction to Psychological Science (PSY 2012) Writing Assignment #2   DUE DATE: Friday, November 6th at 11:59pm.     OVERVIEW Virtually all human outcomes, abilities, and behaviors reflect a complex interaction of nature (biological factors) and nurture (social-environmental factors)  For example, many psychological processes that were once assumed to be “basic” and uniform across all humans were later found to differ across cultures, suggesting that the unique environments in which people are raised can shape the emergence of basic biological processes.     GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS Summarize and interpret a peer-reviewed article that describes a cross-cultural difference in some psychological process. You may choose from one of the articles provided below or find an article on your own. If you have taken this class in the past, you must choose an article that you have not written about previously.   For your convenience, we provide several articles that you may use (see below).  However, you are welcome to find an article on your own if you prefer.  You might find the EBSCO PsycInfo database useful if you choose to locate your own article. If you need assistance using PsycInfo, please contact your TA and/or consult with a Reference Librarian at the USF Library (http://www.lib.usf.edu/).     RECOMMENDED ARTICLES Becker, J. C., Butz, D. A., Sibley, C. G., Barlow, F. K., Bitacola, L. M., Christ, O., … & Sulz, A. (2017). What do national flags stand for? An exploration of associations across 11 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 48(3), 335-352.   Guo, T., & Spina, R. (2019). Cross-cultural variations in extreme rejecting and extreme affirming response styles. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(8), 955-971.   Park, H. S., Lee, H. E., Kingsley Westerman, C. Y., & Guan, X. (2019). We want a team player: A formative cross-cultural investigation in the United States, China, and South Korea. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 50(10), 1161-1181.   Vermeiden, M., Janssens, M., Thewissen, V., Akinsola, E., Peeters, S., Reijnders, J., … & Lataster, J. (2019). Cultural differences in positive psychotic experiences assessed with the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences-42 (CAPE-42): a comparison of student populations in the Netherlands, Nigeria and Norway. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 244.     SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS Define and summarize the specific psychological process, behavior, or phenomenon that is investigated in your article. Provide enough detail so that a naïve reader could fully understand the topic of the article. Identify the features of the groups (cultures) that are being compared in the study.  Are these people from different countries? If so, what countries? Are they groups within the same country who are raised within separate subcultures or communities? Describe the groups in enough detail so that it is clear where they were recruited and how they differ from each other. Describe the findings of the article. How do people from these different groups or cultures respond or behave differently? Explain the findings. Explain why people from these different groups or cultures are theorized to differ in their behavior, perceptual processes, or other psychological phenomenon. Describe the unique life experiences, backgrounds, or prior learning that presumably accounts for the observed findings.     FORMATTING AND GUIDELINES ?      The final paper should be: ?      3-4 pages long ?      Double-spaced ?      Size 12 Times New Roman font ?      1” margins ?      You are NOT permitted to use any quotes. ?      Every word you write must be your own. You will lose points if you include any quotes. ?      Copying/pasting without quotes is plagiarism! Do not steal words or ideas from other people. ?      If you mention an idea that (a) you did not create yourself, (b) is not common sense, or (c) originated from another study or author, then you need to cite it. ?      Additional help with APA formatting: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/       WRITING TIPS ?      Structure your paper to provide a logical flow. ?      Make sure your writing is clear. ?      Clearly identify your main arguments ?      Each paragraph should have one clear main point. ?      Provide evidence for your claims. Provide examples from the article—written in your own words—to support your arguments. ?      Order your paragraphs in a logical way. Use transitions as needed. ?      Use your own words ?      Don’t plagiarize (now or ever!).  Every word you write must be your own.  ?      Do not include any quotes in your paper from the article, your textbook, or any other source!  Inclusion of quotes will result in the immediate deduction of points from your paper.  ?      Always cite where you obtained your evidence. Do not assume facts or state opinions without citing relevant support. ?      Plagiarism is considered Academic Misconduct and will result in a failing grade.

Given the crucial and significant value of research for psychology, and its particular value for cross-cultural research, it is imperative that psychologists have an adequate understanding of various research methods and techniques. Such knowledge will help psychologists better assess research findings, conclusions and claims, and such an ability can relate to psychologists use and choice of best practices with clients in therapy, with coworkers in employment settings, and with family members and friends in our personal lives. Hence, the nature of this assessment is for you to develop your knowledge and skills in critically analyzing cross-cultural research. For this Module 4 Assessment, you critically analyze research related to cross-cultural research. As you consider your Module Assessment, please take the time to review the requirements for the Assessment as well as the time you will need for completion. Please plan your time accordingly throughout this module. To Prepare: In Week 3, you selected and submitted an article related to cross-cultural research that is published within the last 10 years from one of the following journals for Instructor approval: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology Cross-Cultural Research International Perspectives in Psychology Ethos Use the approved article to complete this Module 4 Assessment Review the Learning Resources and the media program related to cross-cultural research and the critical analysis of such research and consider how a critical analysis is developed. Assignment (8 pages excluding title and reference pages): Part 1: Introduction (2 pages) In your Introduction to your critical analysis, include the following: Introduce the research you selected (title, authors) Describe the study (i.e., purpose of the study) Describe the problem addressed in the study as well as the research question Part 2: Methods and Design (2 pages) Describe the overall design of the study you selected Describe the type of methodology used (i.e., qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method) Describe any ethical considerations within the study you selected. If none are mentioned, explain any potential ethical issues the researcher(s) might have needed to consider. Part 3: Culture within Research (4 pages) This portion of your assessment is your analysis of how the researchers incorporated culture into their research. Include the following: How did the researcher(s) incorporate the nature of culture within their study? Are there aspects of the study where researchers could have better incorporated the influence of culture in the sample, methods, analyses or conclusion, and how? If the researchers were given an opportunity to improve on their research, what would you suggest? Be specific. How would your suggestion facilitate positive social change? Support your Module Assessment by citing all resources in APA format and style, including those in the Learning Resources. No Module Assessment Assignment submission required for this week. Submit your Module 4 Assessment by Day 7, Week 10. Week in Review