Psychology

reply to the next 2 discussions from your peers, make sure you include at least one question on each discussion  discussion 1 Motivating operation (MO) discriminative stimuli (SD) are similar in the sense that they both occur prior to a response and they both alter the frequency of behavior (Cooper, Heron & Heward, 2020). There are two different types of MO’s: establishing operations and abolishing operations, with establishing operations the value of stimuli as a reinforcer is increased and with abolishing operations the value of stimuli as a reinforcer is decreased (Miltenberger 2016). A SD indicates that reinforcement is available while MO’s alter the effectiveness as a reinforcer at a given time. Four-term contingency: MO: It is 5pm and Shannon has not eaten since 7:30 am, so has been. SD: She sees her mom has some food, Behavior: Shannon asks her mom for a bite of food Consequence: She receives food from her mother. MO: The deprivation from food made food as a reinforcer more valuable SD: Shannon knew from past experiences that if she sees her mother with food, that reinforcement for the behavior of asking for food is available. Behavior: Asking for food Consequence: Hunger is removed. From what I have learned about MO’s behavior analysts can contrive these to make responses occur more or less frequently. If you provide someone with noncontingent attention throughout the day, they are less likely to engage in attention seeking behaviors to gain that reinforcement. If you withhold a stimulus, a response that is reinforced by this stimulus may increase due to deprivation.   Jasmine Carter ABA References: Cooper, J. O., Heron, T. E., & Heward, W. L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson. Miltenberger, R. G. (2016). Behavior modification: Principles and procedures (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. discussion 2   Motivating operations (MO) and Discriminative Stimuli (SD) have similarities and also differences. Some of the similarities that occur before a behavior and alter the frequency of a behavior (Cooper et al., 2020). They are also both known as operant variables. Some differences are that motivating operations alter the value of a stimulus as a reinforcer which makes it more or less likely to occur (Miltenberger, 2016). Motivating operations also evokes behavior when the reinforcer is more valuable and abates behavior when the reinforcer is less valuable (Miltenberger, 2016). Behavior that is evoked is known as establishing operation and behavior that is abated is known as abolishing operation (Miltenberger, 2016). An example of MO would be: I have a stomachache after being Mexican food. My mom reaches in the cabinet and gives me Pepto-Bismol. I asked for some Pepto-Bismol and drink it. The stomachache subsides. In this example, the MO is the stomachache. The value of Pepto-Bismol is altered because of the stomachache. Without a stomachache Pepto would not be valuable. The SD is my mom reaches in the cabinet for Pepto which causes me to ask for it and drink it. Behavior analysts can contrive MOs to change behavior by learning what motivates an individual or what they like in order to target behavior. For example, if you are swinging a child and they are laughing smiling and having fun, you can stop swinging and have them request “more” since they are motivated for this item. Michele Roberts References: Cooper, J.O., Heron, T.E., & Heward, W.L. (2020). Applied behavior analysis (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Miltenberger, R.G. (2016). Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures. Cengage Learning. For more information on Frequency of Behavior read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_domain

At least half of the paper should discuss the theory and then you will apply it in arguing for or against some position on the contemporary topic. For more information on Natural Law Theory read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law

The Assignment (3–5 pages) Explain the significance of confidentiality in ethical psychological practice, as it applies to the case above. Explain how your feelings, beliefs, attitudes, and cultural perspectives might influence how you conceptualize this case. Support your explanation with at least two peer-reviewed journal articles on confidentiality from the Learning Resources to support your points. Use correct APA-style format for your paper. For more information on Ethical Psychological Practice read this: 

Individual Project 1 – Research Trends in Biopsychology The final project is designed to help you connect the information you learned in this course to real-life problems. I would like to see you integrate the information you have learned throughout the term to conduct a literature review related to one of the topics discussed below Consider the discussion question (you may choose more than one, up to 3) and how it applies to daily life. See what you can find in current peer-reviewed research articles to support the ideas you decide to discuss.  Some examples of the discussion questions found in the Lindberg textbook include: What challenges do you see that daily-life researchers may face in their studies? How can they be overcome? How do you think smartphones and other mobile electronic devices will change psychological research? What are their promises for the field? And what are their pitfalls? Pick a psychological phenomenon that you would like to know more about. What specific hypothesis would you like to test? What psychophysiological methods might be appropriate for testing this hypothesis and why? What is behind the expression “use your gray matter,” and why is it not entirely accurate? If you were interested in the precise time in which a particular brain process occurred, which neuroscience methods could you use? Discuss the role of evolution in understanding what humans call “love” or other forms of prosociality. What are common features of the biochemistry of “love” and “safety,” and why are these important to human health? Name 3–4 environmental factors that influence the epigenome and describe their effects. Do you think omnivores, herbivores, or carnivores have a better chance at survival? The extensive network of multisensory areas and neurons in the cortex implies that much perceptual processing occurs in the context of multiple inputs. Could the processing of unimodal information ever be useful? Why or why not? Would you rather have a really good memory or really good metacognition? How might you train someone to develop better metacognition if he or she doesn’t have a very good memory, and what would be the consequences of that training? Describe the physical state of the genome when genes are active and inactive. Often, the physical characteristics of genetically identical twins become increasingly different as they age, even at the molecular level. Explain why this is so (use the terms “environment” and “epigenome”). Name 3–4 environmental factors that influence the epigenome and describe their effects. Explain how the food we eat affects gene expression. Can the diets of parents affect their offspring’s epigenome? Why is converging evidence the best kind of evidence in the study of brain function? If you were interested in whether a particular brain area was involved in a specific behavior, what neuroscience methods could you use? If you were interested in the precise time in which a particular brain process occurred, which neuroscience methods could you use? Use these discussion questions from the textbook to help you explore ideas for your paper. They discuss current trends in biopsychological research and are relevant to our course. Pick one – three (1-3) of these discussion questions from the text and discuss how you feel this research has added to the area of biopsychology. What answers do you propose to the discussion questions? Discuss: What implications does the research have for your personal or professional life? What are some ethical, cultural (i.e. gender, sexual orientation, socio-economic status, religious), global, or legal issues related to the research you are discussing? Use at least two (2) peer-reviewed journal articles for your project from the last 5 years. You will find these articles in the library. If you need assistance finding articles, please consult with the libraries. There are chat options available. Your paper should be at least 2-3 pages in length. Be sure to use APA formatting in your writing. You can become more familiar with these guidelines by reviewing the following resources: For more information on Biopsychology read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience

Discussion: Distinguishing Narcissistic Personalities 5:1 In this Discussion, you analyze a case to determine if the offender or offenders exhibit oblivious or vulnerable narcissistic traits. You evaluate the role of empathy in narcissism. You also address the challenges of working with individuals with narcissistic personalities. Analyze the Development of Narcissism Diagram. Select one of the following cases and research the case online: Sandy Hook school shooting Columbine High School shooting Virginia Tech school shooting Explain whether the shooter(s) in the case demonstrated oblivious narcissism or vulnerable narcissism. Explain whether the shooter(s) showed empathy or lack of empathy. Provide specific examples to support your conclusions. Depending upon the type of narcissism the shooter exhibits (vulnerable or overt), what challenges might a forensic psychology professional face when trying to establish rapport with this type of individual? Explain pre-offense events that took place and possible post-offense events that might have occurred if the shooter(s) had survived. For more information on Narcissistic Personalities read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcissistic_withdrawal

Oppositional – Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder. Collaboration is essential to an accurate diagnosis of the conditions under consideration in this week. For this week’s Discussion, you practice collaboration by working in a group on developing a “Parent Guide,” which will serve as a teaching tool for parents with children who have been diagnosed with a specific mental health disorder. It is recommended that you make your project as attractive as possible and consider using the finished product as teaching tools for families that you will work within your own practices. Learning Objectives Students will: · Analyze signs and symptoms of neurodevelopmental disorders · Analyze the pathophysiology of neurodevelopmental disorders · Analyze diagnosis and treatment methods for neurodevelopmental disorders · Evaluate Parent Guides To Prepare for this Discussion: Review the resources concerning your assigned disorder. Oppositional – (Defiant Disorder/Conduct Disorder.) ·  Discussions instructions below. Using evidence-based research, design, and develop a Parent Guide for your assigned disorder including · Signs and symptoms · Pathophysiology · How the disorder is diagnosed? · Treatment options Provide a minimum of three academic references. Required Readings American Nurses Association. (2014). Psychiatric-mental health nursing: Scope and standards of practice (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Standard 5E “Pharmacological, Biological and Integrative Therapies” (page 59) American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. “Neurodevelopmental Disorders”“Intellectual Disabilities” “Communication Disorders” “Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders” Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2014). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences/clinical psychiatry (11th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer. Chapter 3, “Contributions of the Sociocultural Sciences” (pp. 131–150) Chapter 31, “Child Psychiatry” (pp. 1152–1181, 1244–1253) Stahl, S. M. (2014). Prescriber’s Guide: Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology (5th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Note: All Stahl resources can be accessed through the Walden Library using the link. This link will take you to a login page for the Walden Library. Once you log in to the library, the Stahl website will appear. To access information on the following medications, click on The Prescriber’s Guide, 5th Ed. tab on the Stahl Online website and select the appropriate medication.

Description I. Introduction A. Summarize the client. What is the rationale for seeking counseling?II. Biopsychosocial SummaryA. Describe the problem that brought the client to treatment. i. Make sure to address any problems, issues, or challenges the client may be facing.B. Explain the symptoms affecting the client. i. What are the behavioral symptoms? ii. What are the cognitive symptoms? iii. What are the emotional symptoms? iv. What are the physiological symptoms?C. Identify any environmental factors that may be contributing to the client’s problem.D. Identify any potential harmful behavior: i. Aggression ii. Harm to others iii. Harm to self iv. Criminal activity v. Impulsive behaviors vi. High-risk activityE. Determine if the client has a family history of the diagnosis. Consider how this may affect the client. F. Use evidence-based research to support the biological factors presented in the case.G. Outline how the client identifies him- or herself in regard to cultural characteristics. Make sure to add rationale for any answers that are not straightforward. i. What are the addressing factors?a. Age and generational influencesb. Developmental disabilities (acquired at birth or during childhood)c. Disabilities acquired later in life (e.g., traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, stroke)d. Religion and spiritualitye. Ethnic and racial identityf. Socioeconomic statusg. Sexual orientationh. Indigenous heritagei. National origin j. GenderH. Summarize how the client culturally identifies him- or herself.i. With the identifiers above, how does the client culturally identify him- or herself? ii. What is the order of importance for the client? Assessment III. Co-occurring DisordersA. Identify any co-occurring disorders. B. Describe the initial DSM diagnosis. i. What is the overall descriptor of the diagnosis? ii. What criteria must be met to meet the diagnosis? iii. Describe which client behaviors are being used to meet the diagnostic criteria.C. Discuss the rationale behind the diagnosis. i. Identify what other diagnoses should be ruled out. Make sure to provide rationale. ii. Identify limitations with this diagnosis. Make sure to provide rationale.D. Use evidence-based research to support your justification. IV. Addiction AssessmentsA. Describe how the assessment was administered.B. Describe the assessment scoring.C. Summarize the assessment results.i. How do you interpret the results? Plan V. RecommendationsA. Summarize what you recommend for this client based on the information collected.i. Describe what you recommend for recovery.ii. Describe what you recommend for relapse prevention.resources you would provide to the client. Rubric Guidelines for Submission: Consider using the headings from the critical elements outlined above when drafting your DAP note, as you will do this when you submit for your final project. You may also consider using double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, and one-inch margins, although none of these specifications are required for the draft version. Critical Elements Pro

The transition from childhood through adolescence is not a smooth one, especially in regards to the physiological, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges a young individual faces. Using sources like the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Adolescent Health research some of the major issues adolescents may face during this developmental period. Based on your course readings thus far, explain the issues you found and how it relates to adolescence development. 300 words For more information on Adolescence read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolescence

I need help with a 2 page paper in forensic psychology For more information on Forensic Psychology read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_psychology

 Short Answer: Briefly describe the changes in understanding that lead to the development of a theory of mind. For more information on Theory of Mind read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind