Psychology

One important difference between cultures is the independent/interdependent distinction. For this paper, first, describe this distinction; for this, you should rely on the lecture or outside sources, rather than your own experiences/understanding, but please make sure you use your own words, and cite your sources. Next, describe 3 ways in which modern United States culture exhibits independence (these are cultural practices – see below). For each of these examples, be sure to describe it with enough detail so that someone who is unfamiliar with it could understand it, and to explicitly connect it with the independence concept.    Additionally, your paper must include an explicit discussion of at least one of the following topics: ethics, diversity, global awareness, and/or justice. Each reaction paper must explicitly connect the topic to at least one of these attributes.    Notes – cultural practices are real-world activities/behaviours, not the results of psychological studies.  – points will be deducted for not having APA formatting style for this paper (they were not in paper 1). This will likely require the use of Microsoft Word. You should have access to Word through Canisius; if you are having trouble accessing it, please let me know. For more information on this check: 

Discussion 1 Probability is about mathematically determining how likely an event is to happen. Probability can be applied to many different aspects of our lives and help us make informed decisions. Respond to the following in a minimum of 175 words: Discuss the concept of probability, including the notion of an experiment, outcomes, and sample space. How can each of these be useful to us? Describe an example from your own personal or professional experiences where you are focused on obtaining a specific, desired outcome. Evaluate what the ideal experiment, outcome, and sample space are for that situation.  Discussion 2 First, refer to the Tracks and Topics for the Final Project document attached and select a track and a topic within that track that you would like to focus your final project on.  Choose your track and topic thoughtfully as you will not be able to switch your track and topic once chosen.  Next, analyze one of the articles within the tracks, which will provide practice for your literature review. When you complete your literature review, you will be addressing more specific elements. These questions are the first thing to think about when beginning a literature review. Keep in mind that these questions are practice and preparation for the more detailed literature review elements to come. What is the title of the article? Provide a citation for the article in APA format. What is the purpose of the article? What is the hypothesis of the study? In other words, what claims do the authors make in the article? What variables (factors) are being looked at as an influence on social thinking?If these variables or the relationship between these variables have been studied before, what does the article indicate about the findings of previous studies? This shows historical significance. Describe the research design that was used in the study.Do you think the research in this article was conducted in an ethical manner? Why or why not? Each question requires an answer in one to three sentences, although you can write more if needed. This should result in a journal assignment that is around one page in length. Be sure to cite directly from the sample article to support your answers.Discussion 3First, read the article Overview of Psychology Research Methods. As you read, keep in mind a type of research design that may be useful to explore further based on the track and topic of social psychology you have chosen to study for your final project. Next, consider how the research you will conduct may support further exploration of the topic and, in your initial post to the discussion, address the following: Based on the track and topic of social psychology you have chosen to study for your final project, what research designs can you predict might be appropriate for you to investigate further? Do you foresee any issues of ethics in any research design you might use? For more information read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_theory

In Behavior Analyst ABA content write a response appropriate 200-300 words It can be difficult for the consultee to identify the behavior(s) of concern. Describe a time when you and the consultee worked together to identify the behavior of concern. What was the process used to identify the behavior of concern? How did you assist the consultee when providing vague behavioral descriptions to more precise behavioral language? Was there disagreement at any time regarding the behavior of concern? For more information on Behavior Analyst read thishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspectives_on_Behavior_Science:

Practitioners and scholars of psychology are provided numerous options when seeking information related to professional development, networking, research resources, academic and career guidance, community involvement, and much more. The purpose of this assignment is to research and report on the professional psychological associations listed with their corresponding websites below to gain an understanding of the mission and benefits of each. The associations to review include: American Psychological Association (APA) http://www.apa.org American Counseling Association (ACA) http://www.counseling.org American School Counseling Association (ASCA) www.schoolcounselor.org Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) http://www.siop.org American Psychology and Law Society http://www.ap-ls.org In an 8 to 10-page paper, provide a 1.5-page review of each professional association identified above, using each association’s name as an APA heading, addressing the following: Summarize the purpose, function, and mission of each association. Discuss the ways in which each association meets the stated mission, highlighting major initiatives and activities. Highlight the member benefits and resources available to the public by each association.Close your work with a brief statement of your thoughts on the value of professional associations for students, early career, and experienced professionals in psychology. Include a minimum 8 to 10 pages, not including the required APA formatted title and reference pages; submit APA style in-text citations throughout the work as well. The basic parts of a paper should also be included; these are the opening, introduction section, with a precise thesis statement, the body of the paper with clear, discernable headings formatted to APA style levels of heading where appropriate, and a conclusion that restates the thesis and summarizes the major points of the entire paper.

Internal validity in a research study is the extent to which changes in the dependent variable can confidently be attributed to the influence of the independent variable rather than to possible confounding variables. In other words, was it really the independent variable that had an effect on the dependent variable, or did something else cause the effect? For example, presume that an instructor wants to try a new reading efficiency strategy to improve the reading comprehension of college students in an online course. The instructor divides the class into two equal groups. One group (the experimental group) reads a passage using the new reading strategy taught by the instructor. The other group (the control group) reads the same passage but is not exposed to the new strategy. Next, both groups of students complete a reading comprehension test. The assumption is that if the group exposed to the new reading strategy scored higher than the other group, the new reading strategy is effective. What else could explain the difference in scores? Is it possible that the students enrolled in the group that learned the new strategy already had high reading comprehension skills? What if this group already knew more about the information in the reading passage? Could the instructor have inadvertently biased the study because he taught the new reading strategy, and he selected the reading passages that both groups read? Possible situations, or reasons, that could interfere with obtaining accurate results are called confounds and could be a threat to the internal validity of a study. It is important to keep in mind though, that the presence of a possible confounding variable in a study does not necessarily mean it is responsible for obtained results. Rather, the independent variable (e.g., the reading intervention) may have actually had an effect on the dependent variable (the test results).In this Discussion, you will examine possible confounding variable(s) in research studies from your course textbook and apply a methodology for addressing and/or eliminating the possible confound(s).To prepare: Read Chapter 12 in your course text.   Stangor, C. (2015). Research methods for the behavioral sciences (5th ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning. Chapter 12, “Experimental Control and Internal Validity” Chapter 13, “External Validity” Read the “Thinking Critically About Research” scenarios (a—i) in Chapter 12, pages 256–258. Choose the scenario that most interests you. Note: Before selecting a scenario, view the Discussion 4 Forum to see if any colleagues have already posted. If so, select a letter that has not yet been chosen. All nine (a–i) letters should be addressed before a student repeats a letter. For your chosen scenario, determine the possible confounding variable(s) (there may be more than one), and consider how they might be eliminated using research designs presented in the readings (e.g., 2×2 factorial design).  (choose any scenario besides D, I, and H)Note: You can assume that random assignment took care of any potential differences in the groups; therefore, group differences are not a potential confound. With these thoughts in mind: By Day 3Indicate the letter of the scenario you selected in the “Subject” field of your post. You should be addressing a scenario different from those posted unless your colleagues have already addressed all nine scenarios. Identify and explain the possible confounding variable(s) (e.g., demand characteristics, placebo effect) in your chosen scenario. Drawing from the Learning Resources this week, explain a specific research design (e.g., 2×2 factorial design, repeated measures design) the researcher(s) could use to control for confounding variables. Note: Be sure to support the responses within your Discussion post, and in your colleague reply, with evidence from the assigned Learning Resources. For more information read this: https://psychology.wikia.org/wiki/Confounding_variables

In operant conditioning, what are the 4 aspects of shaping behavior (consequences) and give an example of each that might occur in a healthcare setting For more information read this: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaping_(psychology)

What distinguishes an “objective classification system” from traditional approaches to incarcerated individual classification? Describe the various methods for classifying incarcerated individuals and identify the characteristics that are evaluated in each method.  Which do you believe is the fairest, least fair, and why.

The purpose of the assignment is to address the question: Does the Media perpetuate ageism? Students are to review their daily newspapers, weekly magazines, and favourite television shows to determine how elders are depicted and how stereotypes are perpetuated. Students should review ads, news articles and accounts, television images, and commentary. Address the following How are older people portrayed? • How often were older people represented or highlighted? • Were the images of older people positive or negative? How so? • Were older men viewed differently than older women? How so? • Was cultural and ethnic diversity reflected in the images of aging? • Was aging viewed as positive and life-affirming, or was it viewed as negative, a process of deterioration? • Was aging seen as a process to deny or to embrace? • If an older person was portrayed as a member of a family, how did other family members view him/her? With reverence or with disdain? • How often did you see younger persons interacting with older persons? • How often did you see images which reflected the older person’s capacity for love and intimacy? • What are your closing thoughts about what you review?   You MUST tie these questions into at least TWO theories we have learned about in this course. must be written as a paper and not just a list of answers to questions.

Search for a current article that relates to one of the following: defines stress, fight-or-flight, or general adaptation syndrome. In 500 words or more include the following three components: summary of the article, how the article information relates to you, and how the article aligns with textbook information from Chapter 1, Chapter 2, or Chapter 3. When using outside sources such as the article and textbook, references and citations are required.

77For your Final Project, you will write an 8- to 10-page theory paper that articulates your theoretical orientation toward working with couples and families. Your paper must include the following elements that evolve from your personal theoretical orientation: The basic view of human nature as seen through your theoretical lensKey factors that account for changes in behavior An explanation of how intervention strategies are designed within this theoretical orientation An explanation of how your theory conceptualizes mental healthKey factors that contribute to healthy family/couple relationships A description of the skills necessary within this theoretical orientation to meet the agreed-upon goals and outcomes for couples and families The nature of the practitioner-client relationship and its relative importance An explanation of the evidence to support your theoretical orientation as an appropriate intervention for couples and families in need.Information on scholarly writing may be found in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.), and at the Walden Writing Center website.