Discussion: Psychological Impact After Disaster on Healthcare Providers

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Discussion: Psychological Impact After Disaster on Healthcare Providers you need to create bibliography about the references that i used on my literature review I have attached the previous work and pdf copy of the references alamri_651_sp19_literature_review_2.doc carleton__r._n_et_al.__2017_._mental_disorder_symptoms_among_public_health_professional_in_canada__.pdf downtime_after_critical_incidents_in_emergency_medical_technicians_paramedics.pdf health_after_disaster__a_perspective_of_psychological_health_reactions_to_disaster.pdf measuring_and_mode Psychological Impact after Disaster on Healthcare Providers Saleh Alamri Thomas Jefferson University Psychological Impact after Disaster on Healthcare Providers The impact of natural disasters on healthcare providers can be overwhelming, but the research into the number of first-responders in the sector that seek professional help after facing these adverse natural or human-made incidents is unexplored. Aside from this lack of information on the percentage of healthcare providers that undergo post-disaster counseling or trauma management, researchers are concerned about the effectiveness of the psychological evaluations in the reduction of stress levels in this category of workers. Also, the interest of researchers in post-disaster management psychology is in the number of these providers who develop mental illnesses after being exposed to disaster, as part of the efforts to provide solutions to the psychological issues for these affected people. In the present review of the literature, the goal is to examine previous and current studies on the psychological impact of disaster on healthcare providers as a means to contribute to the expansion of the body of knowledge on the topic. Finally, the comparative review of the various dimensions of the subject from the outcomes of previous research findings will provide the framework that can be used to develop the methods that researchers can utilize for understanding the mental effect of disasters on healthcare providers. Discussion: Psychological Impact After Disaster on Healthcare Providers How many healthcare providers seek professional help after facing a disaster? Healthcare providers are exposed to a series of traumatic experiences during and after a disaster, which increases that potential to develop mental health issues that would require professional interventions. In addition, this category of first responders treats injuries and prevents deaths under extreme conditions that make their psychological status essential for achieving these objectives, especially when the health practitioner feels obligated to help people overcome the impacts of these negative experiences (Dückers et al., 2018). In spite of their emphasis on encouraging survivors of human-made or natural disasters to seek counseling or gain support from their network of support, the findings from the literature showed a significant percentage of healthcare providers not seeking help after a disaster. According to Carlton (2017), the results of his study on the state of mental disorder symptoms among public health professionals showed that over 50% of healthcare providers are unwilling to seek help for their mental illnesses despite its high prevalence in the sector due to fear of job loss or stigmatization by their colleagues. Macfarlane and Williams (2012) affirmed this perspective when the scholars noted that exaggerated personal hardiness and the shame of seeking help with mental health issues are some of the leading factors that are responsible for the high number of practitioners that use avoidance as the approach for dealing with psychological effects. Therefore, interventions for healthcare providers regarding their management of the psychological impact of exposure to disasters should recognize these factors during the assessment of the disorder by other relevant stakeholders. Discussion: Psychological Impact After Disaster on Healthcare Providers The Incidence of Mental Illnesses among Healthcare Providers The potential of healthcare providers to develop mental illnesses after their exposure to a disaster is another dimension of the psychological impact of tragic incidents that have been studied by researchers. In this regard, the investigation conducted by Iranmanesh (2013) on the incidence of post-traumatic stress disorder among emergency medical personnel is relevant. According to the scholars, the 94 percent of the participants of the study displayed the symptoms of PTSD, which is a result that confirmed some of the findings of other scholars in various studies. Similarly, Ringstad et al. (2017) posited that the psychological health status of healthcare providers that work in emergency services is characterized by the high prevalence and incidence of stress, depression, and anxiety disorders. Also, the investigation into the adverse mental effects of disasters on healthcare professionals in developing countries showed that these conditions exist for long periods in these individuals because of the lack of emphasis on testing and evaluation of the professionals. Thus, the extent of the mental health issues that health care providers face after their exposure to the traumatic experiences from the adverse incidents should be studied as input to the development of policy-based interventions that are needed to reduce the level of the problem. In spite of the high incidence and prevalence rates of mental health disorders among healthcare providers who deliver emergency medical services in different parts of the world, the availability of organizational support is low. The outcome of a cross-sectional survey by Petrie et al. (2018) provided evidence of this aspect of the problem when it showed that modifiable risk factors such as work environments play a significant role in the development of mental illness in this category of first responders. Although only 7.6% of the study participants were diagnosed with one form of mental illnesses or the other, this result highlighted the importance of implementing interventions recognizes the risk factors for mental illnesses among healthcare providers in emergency services but constitute an integral component of the organizational processes and procedures that deal with the problem. An additional evidence of the perspective on the evaluation of the mental health status of health care providers in emergency services can be found in the outcome of a study that was conducted by Rabiei, Nakhaee, and Pourhosseini (2014) on the shortcomings in the approaches that are used for dealing with the psychological effects of natural disasters. According to the scholars, the improper handling of the adverse psychological impacts of disasters is due to weaknesses in organizational communication, inadequate support for responders after the incident and non-recognition for the specific issues that the group faces both in the short and long-term perspectives. Discussion: Psychological Impact After Disaster on Healthcare Providers Psychological Evaluations and Management of Post-disaster Stress Levels The traumatic experiences that are associated with disasters have the potential of increasing the stress levels of healthcare and make the development and administration of intervention critically. Austin, Pathak, and Thompson (2018) reported that psychological evaluation is one of the coping resources that emergency medical service personnel can utilize for dealing with the negative experiences from a disaster. They further found from their studies that this type of intervention is considered as one of the most effective methods for increasing the resilience of healthcare providers to anxiety, stress, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Although the coping mechanisms for stress by people are different depending on their history of exposure to these negative situations, studies showed that healthcare organizations with psychological evaluation programs have employees that perform better than their counterparts that do not provide this intervention (Ringstad et al. 2017). According to alpern, Maunder, Schwartz, and Gurevich (2014), psychological evaluations consist of psycho-educational programs that teach healthcare providers and survivors the methods for dealing with the mental health challenges from their experiences. The scholars claimed that their investigation showed that organizations that allow downtime or the professional to narrate and discuss their traumatic experiences displayed lower levels of depressive symptoms after the adverse events. Consequently, the provision of psychological evaluation in the workplace after either natural or human-made disasters is required to intervene the stressors that lead to mental health issues. Furthermore, the evidence from the literature on the value of psychological evaluation to the stress management approaches for healthcare providers in emergency services showed that it has long-term effects when combined with other therapeutic techniques. According to Halpern et al. (2014), organizations that have mandatory psychological evaluations in the form of the downtimes for their health responders to a disaster and allows their employees to seek professional help for at least six months recorded no residual effects of the adverse event. Martin (2015) corroborated this perspective when the scholar claiming that the provision of psychological evaluation is inexpensive but effective for stress reduction when consideration is given to the number of tragic incidents that health providers handle. Therefore, the use of psychological assessment methods such as downtime should be increased by health care organizations since it contributes to stress reduction and maintenance of the mental health wellbeing of the emergency medical services professionals. Conclusion I hypothesize that a significant percentage of healthcare providers fail to seek professional help after exposure to the traumatic experiences forms a natural disaster because of the fear of job loss and stigmatization by the organization. Also, the evidence from the review of the literature showed that while psychological evaluations are one of the effective interventions for reducing the stress levels in health care providers, the failure to seek help is preventing this category of emergency services workers to undergo them. An additional outcome of the review of the literature is how downtime can be used by organizations to reduce the adverse consequence of anxiety, depression, and PTSD on the performance of their employers through these mental evaluations. Similarly, the need to understand the number of emergency medical service professionals who develop mental illnesses after exposure to a disaster from the literature was accomplished through the discovery of the high prevalence and incidence levels of disorders among these health care providers. Finally, the implications of the outcome of this review include the extension of the body of knowledge on the subject, the development of policy-based measures for the interventions, and the increased adoption of the use of psychological evaluation techniques such as the downtime for stress management. Discussion: Psychological Impact After Disaster on Healthcare Providers References Austin, C. L., Pathak, M., & Thompson, S. (2018). Secondary traumatic stress and resilience among EMS. Journal of Paramedic Practice , 10 (6), 240-247. doi:10.12968/jpar.2018.10.6.240 Carleton, R. N et al. (2017). Mental disorder symptoms among public health professional in Canada. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 63 (1), 54-64. Dückers, M. L., Thormar, S. B., Juen, B., Ajdukovic, D., Newlove-Eriksson, L., & Olff, M. (2018). Measuring and modelling the quality of 40 post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support programmes. PloS one , 13 (2), e0193285. Halpern, J., Maunder, R. G., Schwartz, B., & Gurevich, M. (2014). Downtime after Critical Incidents in Emergency Medical Technicians/Paramedics. BioMed Research International , 2014 , 1-7. doi:10.1155/2014/483140 Iranmanesh, S. (2013). Post-traumatic stress disorder among paramedic and hospital emergency personnel in south-east Iran. World Journal of Emergency Medicine , 4 (1), 26. doi:10.5847/wjem.j.issn.1920-8642.2013.01.005 Martin, U. (2015). Health after disaster: A perspective of psychological/health reactions to disaster. Cogent Psychology , 2 (1), 1053741. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2015.1053741 McFarlane, A. C., & Williams, R. (2012). Mental health services required after disasters: Learning from the lasting effects of disasters. Depression Research and Treatment , 2012 . Retrieved from doi:10.1155/2012/970194 Petrie, K., Gayed, A., Bryan, B. T., Deady, M., Madan, I., Savic, A., … Harvey, S. B. (2018). The importance of manager support for the mental health and well-being of ambulance personnel. PLOS ONE , 13 (5), e0197802. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197802 Rabiei, A., Nakhaee, N., & Pourhosseini, S. S. (2014). Shortcomings in dealing with psychological effects of natural disasters in Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health , 43 (8), 1132. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4411910/ Ringstad, K., San, C. C., Than, M., Win, T., Oo, K. T., Khaing, K., … & Aye, H. K. (2017). Understanding the psychological impacts of disasters on first responders and health care professionals in Magway, Myanmar. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine , 32 (S1), S186-S186. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X17004939 Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10