Disorders of the Veins and Arteries

Disorders of the Veins and Arteries Disorders of the Veins and Arteries In the past, diagnosis of ASP was commonly made at the time of autopsy when fetal squamous cells were detected in the maternal pulmonary circulation. In fact, in some countries, the case definition of ASP still includes pathological diagnosis of fetal squamous cells/debris in the maternal pulmonary circulation, despite clear evidence that this finding is non-diagnostic. 2,4,6,8,9Disorders of the Veins and Arteries We support the recommendation of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM) that ASP is a clinical diagnosis and often one of exclusion, involving elimination of other more common causes of maternal cardiovascular instability or coagulopathy. (Table 2). 10 A multispecialty expert panel including representatives of the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control have published a set of diagnostic criteria for AFE for use in development and evaluation of studies of AFE/ASP (Table 1). 10 These criteria were developed to address the problem of a body of existing literature heavily populated with patients who did not actually have ASP. Such errors have contributed to confusion and misunderstanding regarding the nature of this condition, risk factors and prognosis. Retrospective review of cases of suspected AFE/ASP by experts have found that up to 50% of cases coded as AFE/ASP have other more likely diagnoses, making use of population-based studies derived from administrative coding data particularly problematic. 11 These criteria have been validated; while their use will reliably exclude women without ASP from research databases, they will also exclude a small number of women with atypical presentations of this condition. 12 Permalink: https://nursingpaperessays.com/ disorders-of-the…ins-and-arteries / ? Prognosis and recurrence Reported mortality from ASP/AFE has decreased significantly over the last several decades, in part due to recognition of the existence of less severe, atypical presentations. Recent reports suggest a survival rate of up to 80%. 13 However, heavy contamination of administrative coding-based studies with patients who do not have this condition suggest caution in interpretation of such mortality data. In reports based on actual medical records review by experts in critical care obstetrics, both incidence of ASP and survival rates are generally lower. 2,11 In women whose initial presentation includes cardiopulmonary arrest, prognosis remains poor. After recovery from hemodynamic derangements and coagulopathy, many patients will have acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. Hypoxic brain injury may also be sustained due to the initial severe hypoperfusion and hypoxia. Echocardiography may reveal evidence of right ventricular overload and dilation, pulmonary artery hypertension, and contractile dysfunction of the left ventricle. 14-16 Risk of recurrence with ASP is unknown, however, to date no recurrences have been reported. Given the apparent uncommon and unique interaction between patient and fetus-specific antigen involved in this condition, recurrence would not be expected with a different fetus.Disorders of the Veins and Arteries Management strategy When faced with sudden peripartum cardiopulmonary collapse or suspected ASP, the obstetrician’s initial role is to recognize the various possible etiologies. If ASP is suspected based on the triad of hypoxia, hypotension, and coagulopathy in addition to timing around time of delivery, the first step is to provide high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) as indicated (Table 3). Treatment is primarily supportive. An important concurrent step is to ask for help from team members including nursing, obstetrics partners or maternal-fetal medicine experts, anesthesia personnel, critical care personnel, and the blood bank. Left lateral uterine displacement, or in a potentially viable fetus (? 23 weeks’ gestation) delivery during resuscitation efforts may increase cardiac preload and improve the effectiveness of CPR by relieving inferior vena cava pressure caused by the gravid uterus. Intubation will likely be needed for ongoing respiratory support.Disorders of the Veins and Arteries Even prior to clinical signs of hemorrhage, we recommend notifying the blood bank and perhaps activating a massive transfusion protocol if suspicion for ASP is high as at least 80% of these women will develop DIC. 4 Based on the presumed pathophysiology of ASP, a novel regimen of atropine, ondansetron and ketorolac has been proposed. 17 Although survival with use of this regimen has been described and may reasonably be incorporated into standard treatment approaches for ASP, its actual efficacy is uncertain. The Amniotic Fluid Embolism Foundation, a unique collaboration between private and academic institutions, has been established both to assist patients and families who have encountered ASP and to promote research efforts. Information regarding participation in an ongoing national registry of ASP cases is also available through the foundation website, at https://www.afesupport.org/.Disorders of the Veins and Arteries Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10

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