Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion

Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS ON Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion In regards to Aviation and the Airline industry discuss leadership and motivation. Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion Determine what makes a good leader and what makes a good follower. Describe leadership styles and whether or not these styles influence subordinates positively or negatively. Why must a leader motivate his/her subordinates? Finally, identify the three “aspects of credibility” a good leader must have to motivate and maintain a successful organization. The assignment is supposed to be the majority construct of the learner, so do not reference the text too much. Please reference the material attached to this question. leadership_approaches_in_multi_cultural_aviation_environments_.pdf measuring_the_effects_of_safety_management_system_practices__morality_leadership_and_self_efficacy_on_pilots____safety_behaviors__safety_motivation_as_a_mediator.pdf culture__communication_and_safety__lessons_from_the_airline_industry.pdf January-June 2014 • Volume 5 • Number 1 • p. 38-43 R eview A rticle Open Access http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/aviation : http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/2179-703X.2014.1.17131 Leadership approaches in multi-cultural aviation environments Abordagem de liderança em ambientes multiculturais da indústria da aviação Jose Felix de Brito Neto1 1 Professor do Colégio de Aeronáutica e Diretor de Design e Produção de Cursos do Departamento de Design e Desenvolvimento de Instrução na Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University – Worldwide Campus, Daytona Beach, FL, Estados Unidos. Trabalho realizado na Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL, Estados Unidos. ABSTRACT In the last few decades, the world has witnessed a phenomenon called globalization, which has shortened distances and transformed cultural contexts. The aviation industry has been part of this phenomenon as it has helped create truly global and multi-cultural workforces. Multi-cultural work environments such as the aviation industry require specific leadership approaches in order to accommodate the needs of their culturally diverse workforce. This paper is aimed at the thorough analysis of leadership approaches in multi-cultural aviation environments. Through a literature review, this paper discusses key concepts of culture and leadership as well as the ideas supporting the transformational leadership theory and the positive leadership theory, which have significant and everlasting impact in workforces. It proposes different approaches to successfully and effectively lead multi-cultural aviation workforces. Keywords: Leadership; culture; aviation RESUMO Nas últimas décadas, o mundo tem testemunhado um fenômeno chamado globalização, que tem encurtado distâncias e transformado contextos culturais. A indústria da aviação tem sido parte desse fenômeno por ter ajudado a criar mãos de obra verdadeiramente globais e multiculturais. Ambientes de trabalho multiculturais como o da indústria da aviação requer específicas abordagens de liderança para poder acomodar as necessidades das suas mãos de obra multiculturais. Este artigo tem como objetivo a análise minuciosa de abordagens de liderança em ambientes de trabalho multiculturais dentro da indústria de aviação. Através da revisão da literatura, este artigo discute conceitos-chave a respeito de cultura e liderança como também de ideias que apoiam a teoria da liderança transformacional e a teoria da liderança positiva. O artigo propõe diferentes abordagens para a liderança bem-sucedida e efetiva de mãos de obra multiculturais na indústria da aviação. Palavras-chave: Liderança; cultura; aviação Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil Editor Thaís Russomano Corresponding Author: Jose Felix de Brito Neto [email protected] Microgravity Center PUCRS, Brazil Received: August 26, 2013 Accepted: November 13, 2014 Executive Editor Rafael Reimann Baptista © 2014 EDIPUCRS Faculdade de Educação Física e Ciências do Desporto, PUCRS, Brazil e-ISSN: 2179-703X This work is licensed under a Creative Commons-Attribution 4.0 International. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ R eview A rticle Introduction The world is not the same. It is a work in progress, an organism in constant evolution, although some might wonder whether the word ‘evolution’ is really appropriate in this case.Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion Throughout the years, distances have been shortened, frontiers have been reached, lands have been explored, and cultural contexts have been affected. All these milestones have culminated in a phenomenon called globalization, through which people from different countries and backgrounds attempt to coexist by sharing values, beliefs, and preferences. Globalization has also changed organizations and the ways workforces are led and managed. Leadership approaches have mutated and adapted according to new realities in a wide array of industries. That is the case of the aviation and aerospace industry, which is formed by a culturally diverse workforce. Due to geographical and demographic limitations, some international airlines have selected and hired individuals from all corners of the planet, forming a truly global work environment. This global environment requires leaders who are equipped with the adequate knowledge, skills and attitude to effectively manage such a diverse workforce. A number of leadership theories have been developed to assist leaders in their attempt to effectively perform in multi-cultural environments. The transformational leadership theory and the positive leadership theory are two examples of leadership theories supporting this evolution in human resource management. Both theories are focused on the fostering of highly supportive and motivational work environments, where leaders are a constant source of inspiration and the followers are given the chance to actively perform in the decision making process regardless of their cultural background. This paper is aimed at analyzing leadership practices in multi-cultural work environments with focus on the aviation and aerospace industry. It proposes a review of the aforementioned leadership theories and the influence of their application in culturally diverse work environments. Leadership: Definition A wide array of studies has been conducted to analyze and conceptualize what has been universally understood as leadership. Whetten and Cameron (2011) provided a basic definition of this term by stating that leadership is formed by the actions individuals take under conditions of change. Whetten Brito Neto JF – Leadership approaches in multi-cultural aviation environments and Cameron’s study about the intricacies of human resource development attempted to draw a comparison between leadership and management (2011). While management was usually associated with the status quo and steadiness, the foundation of leadership was characterized by changes happening in the environment and setting new directions in order to cope with these changes. Throughout the years, systematic definitions of leadership came to the fore. The term leadership was coined as “the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organizations of which they are members” (House, Hanges, Javidan, Dorfman, Gupta, and Globe Associates as cited in Dickson, Castaño, Magomaeva, and Den Hartog, 2012, p. 486). Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion et al. (2012) also considered the idea of leadership being a process by which an individual enlisted the aid and support of other individuals in order to accomplish a certain task. Definitions of the term leadership abound. Nevertheless, the sole existence of this ability or process is dependent on how leaders are perceived by other individuals (Ensari and MURPHY, 2003). Therefore, the relevance of leadership resides in the presence of leaders and followers alike. According to Ensari and Murphy (2003), the extent to which an individual is perceived as a leader by his or her reports in work environments has direct influence on the reports’ acceptance of organizational decisions and policies as well as their organizational commitment. Moreover, apart from the relationship between leader and follower, leadership is also defined by the styles and types of behaviors adopted by leaders. According to Wendt, Euwema, and Hetty van Emmerik (2009), there are two main types of leadership behaviors: directive leadership and supportive leadership. Directive leadership is in essence a taskoriented behavior; directive leaders tend to control discussions, dominate interaction and give directions toward task completion in a truly micromanagement style. This type of behavior results in followers being given a dependent and secondary role, which gives center stage for leaders to perform (Wendt et al., 2009). Conversely, supportive leadership is intrinsically centered on the satisfaction of subordinates’ needs and preferences, harmonic working relations, and positive feedback. All these factors culminate on a friendly and supportive climate in work environments. Through this leadership style, followers have active roles in the decision-making process and adopt cohesive behavior regarding task completion and personal communication (Wendt et al., 2009). Aviation in Focus 2014; 5(1): 38-43 39 R eview A rticle Brito Neto JF – Leadership approaches in multi-cultural aviation environments Culture: Definition most popular of the cultural dimensions as it has been studied extensively in organizational research. The fourth dimension is centered on the dichotomy between masculinity and femininity. According to Ergeneli et al. (2007), the masculinity dimension presents the assumption that dominant values such as assertiveness, heroism and achievement are fundamentally masculine, while the feminine dimension revolves around values such as high quality of life, long lasting relationships, and care towards individuals. Long-term and short-term orientations are the last of the culture value dimensions developed by Hofstede (Ergeneli et al., 2007). Individuals that have a longterm orientation tend to accept deferred gratification of needs; their relationships are ordered by status, and people (instead of law) constitute their government. Conversely, individuals that drift toward short-term orientation expect quick results and rewards, pursue personal steadiness and stability, and treasure leisure time. These dimensions are instrumental in the general understanding about the intricacies of cultural contexts, which are expressed by values and beliefs individuals have in common. These dimensions offer a canvas on which human relations, especially within organizations, are drawn. Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion The analysis of leadership is, therefore, greatly enhanced by the clear description of these dimensions. The conceptualization of the word culture is a multi-faceted process that results in a myriad of meanings. According to Dickson et al. (2012), the word culture usually refers to groups of individuals within a society or groups of things that differentiate one society from another. Herskovits (as cited in Dickson et al, 2012, p. 483) described culture as “an agreement that members of the society come to and something that new members can learn; culture specifies individuals’ natural and societal settings such as thought patterns, government structure and values of possessions.” In their study about culture value dimensions, Ergeneli, Gohar, and Temirbekova (2007, p. 707) defined culture “as shared motives, values, beliefs, identities and interpretations or meanings of significant events that result from the common experiences of the members of a society.” They went on to add that the word culture is generally applied to societies that constitute a social system presenting the highest level of self-sufficiency in regards to its surrounding environment. A variety of studies have cited Hofstede’s culture value dimensions (Dickson et al., 2012; Engeneli et al., 2007; Ensari and Murphy, 2003; Wang et al., 2012; Wendt et al., 2008). According to Engerneli et al. (2007), Hofstede developed five culture value dimensions within societies that have substantial face validity and that are directly related to certain aspects of management. The five culture value dimensions are: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualismcollectivism, masculinity and femininity, and, lastly, long-term and short-term orientations. Power distance refers to the inequality (represented by distance) of power among institutions, organizations and individuals. This value is related to the attempts of the more powerful to maintain or extend distance and the attempts of the less powerful to reduce it. Uncertainty avoidance is directly related to the level of tolerance presented by individuals towards ambiguity and unstructured situations. According to Ergeneli et al. (2007), clear procedures, well-defined and wellcommunicated strategies, and effectively understood rules are powerful tools against uncertainty avoidance. Individualism-collectivism refers primarily to the tendency of individuals to cluster into primary groups. It is also linked to the degree to which individuals are expected to take care of themselves or maintain a certain level of integration in groups (Ergeneli et al., 2007). Individualism and collectivism are the opposite ends of human integration. According to Wendt et al. (2009), the individualism-collectivism dimension is the Leadership in Multi-cultural Aviation Environments Despite the financial upheavals that have shaken the world to the core, globalization continues to reach further and implode more barriers between systems, extinguish borders between countries, and require leaders to operate in truly global environments (Youssef and Luthans, 2012). Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion Being a truly global system, the aviation and aerospace industry requires the input of a culturally diverse workforce to effectively operate within its numerous supporting subsystems. Due to geographical and demographic limitations, some organizations within the aviation industry, mainly airlines, have launched worldwide recruitment strategies to fill their job positions in a wide array of departments, mainly in service delivery. Emirates Airline, Qatar Airways, and Singapore Airlines are examples of organizations that employ individuals from all corners of the world given the limited human resources in these airlines’ home countries (United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Singapore, respectively) (Emirates Group Careers, 2014; Qatar Airways, 2014; Singapore Airlines, 2014). Their headquarters are now Aviation in Focus 2014; 5(1): 38-43 40 R eview A rticle multi-cultural environments carrying many flags and accommodating a variety of citizenships and cultural backgrounds. In light of these circumstances, cultural factors within global environments have exercised direct influence on the basic process supporting leadership relations. Organizations within the aviation and aerospace industry have become examples of work environments that demand the guidance and support of leaders who are able to effectively adapt the management theories that have been developed in the Western context (Wang et al., 2012) and efficiently perform across different cultures (Ergeneli et al., 2007). Having said that, a thorough analysis of the ideas behind leadership now requires an understanding on how leaders perform and how followers process information in distinguished cultural contexts (Ensari and Murphy, 2003). Many studies about leadership practices have mentioned the results of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) project (Dickson et al., 2012; Ensari and Murphy, 2003; Ergeneli et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2012; Wendt et at. 2009; Youssef and Luthans, 2012). According to Wang et al. (2012, p. 571), GLOBE is “an influential effort that explores the impact of cultural values on leadership effectiveness in 62 countries” with the purpose of developing an empirically based study about cross-cultural leadership. The studies developed by GLOBE were based on nine different cultural dimensions: performance orientation, future orientation, assertiveness, power distance, human orientation, institutional collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and gender egalitarianism. GLOBE and many other studies have attempted to understand how leadership is exercised across different cultures. According to Dickson et al. (2012), these studies have fundamentally attempted to identify leadership characteristics that are universally applicable and those that pertain to specific countries. In his cross-cultural studies, Lonner (as cited in Dickson et al., 2012) separated universal values into three categories: simple universals, variform universals, and functional universals. Simple universals are those values and types of behavior that are applicable to all countries and cultures. An example of the simple universal values is the human need to belong and communicate. Variform universals are those values that refer to human need to belong and communicate in a different way.Embry SFTY 320 Riddle Leadership followership and Motivation Discussion Lastly, functional universals are those values that are linked to the stability of the intricacies of relationships that are valid across all cultures. According to the results of the GLOBE studies, universal characteristics that exercise positive Brito Neto JF – Leadership approaches in multi-cultural aviation environments influence on job satisfaction and effective leadership are charisma, communication of vision, and desire to change the status quo. Additionally, universally effective and accepted leaders are inspirational, visionary, motivational, dynamic, good communicators, decisive, intelligent, and win-win problem solvers. They are confidencebuilding, team-building, and excellenceoriented individuals (Dickson et al., 2012). Conversely, leaders that tend to become loners, ruthless, irritable and dictatorial are universally rejected by followers (Dickson et al., 2012). Universally rejected leadership characteristics tend to be negatively evaluated by followers, which results in damaging effects on group dynamics and increasing group resistance to work further (Wendt et al., 2009). In the opposite side of this cross-cultural spectrum, there is a host of characteristics that are known for being culturally contingent and for pertaining to specific countries. According to Dickson et al. (2012), leaders that are risk taking, ambitious, self-sacrificial, sincere, sensitive, compassionate, willful, and enthusiastic tend to be accepted in some countries, but not in others. Nonetheless, the acceptance and effectiveness of leadership performances is directly contingent to the alignment and congruence of leadership behavior with the norms of the culture in which the leaders perform. Whether charismatic or a loner, ruthless or supportive, leaders must accomplish cohesiveness in management in order to reach effectiveness in their performance. Given these circumstances, a number of leadership theories have been instrumental in supporting and guiding individuals in multi-cultural environments, such as transformational leadership theory and positive leadership theory. These theories, which Ergeneli et al. (2007, p. 704) called “neocharismatic theories”, are built around leader behavior and facilitate the understanding of truly global leadership. Transformational Leadership Theory The transformational leadership theory, which is fairly new within the array of leadership theories, has the primary function of expanding the role of charismatic leaders who exercise a high level of emotional appeal and power over their followers. This leadership theory acknowledges the relevance of symbolic, emotional and distinctly motivating behaviors and attitude that inherently exercise allure to followers’ minds and leads to exceptional results in the work environment (Ergeneli et al., 2007). Unlike the transactional leadership theory, which attempts to fulfill the needs of the followers by emphasizing the exercise of exchange, the Aviation in Focus 2014; 5(1): 38-43 41 R eview A rticle transformational leadership theory motivates others to accomplish more than they are expected to accomplish. Transformational leaders adopt intellectual stimulation, which leads followers to question their own beliefs, values and expectations and to rethink ideas that have never been questioned before (Ergeneli et al., 2007). Moreover, the transformational leadership theory applies individualized consideration, through which leaders exercise significant individual attention to each of their followers. By applying individualized consideration, leaders delegate authority to their followers while coaching them and treating them equally (Ergeneli et al., 2007). In work envir … Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10

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