Quantitative Journal Article Review

Quantitative Journal Article Review ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS ON Quantitative Journal Article Review Please use the following prompts as a guide to writing the journal article review if certain info are not in the article, answer the question by saying that it is missing in the research for example – it is fine if all answers are not answers: Quantitative Journal Article Review 1. What was the research question and the overall purpose of the research? 2. What were the specific hypotheses of the study? 3. What was the research design? 4. What instruments were used? Are psychometric properties discussed (validity, reliability, norm groups)? Do the instruments seem appropriate and sufficient to define and describe the variables investigated in the study (consider the hypotheses)? 5. Where, when, and how was data collected? Do the data collection procedures appear appropriate? 6. How was the data analyzed? 7. What were the key findings? 8. What were the strengths and limitations of the study? attachment_1 Pillai et al. BMC Psychiatry (2016) 16:9 DOI 10.1186/s12888-016-0711-2 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access From positive screen to engagement in treatment: a preliminary study of the impact of a new model of care for prisoners with serious mental illness Krishna Pillai1, Paul Rouse2, Brian McKenna3*, Jeremy Skipworth1, James Cavney1, Rees Tapsell4, Alexander Simpson5 and Dominic Madell2 Abstract Background: The high prevalence of serious mental illness (SMI) in prisons remains a challenge for mental health services. Many prisoners with SMI do not receive care. Screening tools have been developed but better detection has not translated to higher rates of treatment. In New Zealand a Prison Model of Care (PMOC) was developed by forensic mental health and correctional services to address this challenge. The PMOC broadened triggers for referrals to mental health teams. Referrals were triaged by mental health nurses leading to multidisciplinary team assessment within specified timeframes. This pathway for screening, referral and assessment was introduced within existing resources. Method: The PMOC was implemented across four prisons. An AB research design was used to explore the extent to which mentally ill prisoners were referred to and accepted by prison in-reach mental health teams and to determine the proportion of prison population receiving specialist mental health care. Results: The number of prisoners in the study in the year before the PMOC (n = 19,349) was similar to the year after (n = 19,421). 24.6 % of prisoners were screened as per the PMOC in the post period. Referrals increased from 491 to 734 in the post period (Z = ?7.23, p < 0.0001). A greater number of triage assessments occurred after the introduction of the PMOC (pre = 458; post = 613, Z = 4.74, p < 0.0001) leading to a significant increase in the numbers accepted onto in-reach caseloads (pre = 338; post = 426, Z = 3.16, p < 0.01). Numbers of triage assessments completed within specified time frames showed no statistically significant difference before or after implementation. The proportion of prison population on in-reach caseloads increased from 5.6 % in the pre period to 7.0 % in the year post implementation while diagnostic patterns did not change, indicating more prisoners with SMI were identified and engaged in treatment. Conclusions: The PMOC led to increased prisoner numbers across screening, referral, treatment and engagement. Gains were achieved without extra resources by consistent processes and improved clarity of professional roles and tasks. The PMOC described a more effective pathway to specialist care for people with SMI entering prison. Keywords: Offender, Prisoner mental health, Mental health in-reach services, Mental health screening tool * Correspondence: [email protected] 3 Australian Catholic University and NorthWestern Mental Health, Level 1 North, City Campus, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, Australia 3050 Full list of author information is available at the end of the article © 2016 Pillai et al. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Quantitative Journal Article Review The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Pillai et al. BMC Psychiatry (2016) 16:9 Background There is growing recognition of the plight of prisoners with serious mental illness (lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder or current diagnosis of severe major depression; SMI). A recent metaregression analysis of 33,588 prisoners in studies from 24 countries puts the pooled prevalence rates of SMI at 13.8 % of male prisoners and 18 % for female prisoners [1]. The detection of prisoners with SMI is of paramount importance because through detection such prisoners can promptly access services for assessment and treatment; be supported through the legal process; be assisted with the processes of adjustment to incarceration; and be assisted with eventual community reintegration. Yet research suggests that the majority of prisoners with SMI remain undetected and untreated. A study in the United Kingdom found that 23 % of prisoners surveyed in six prisons had a current diagnosis of SMI but only 25 % of the prisoners with SMI were assessed by in-reach mental health teams and only 13 % were accepted for treatment [2]. In New Zealand, only 37 % of prisoners identified as suffering from schizophrenia reported being under any form of treatment [3]. Recognising that early identification is the first step to the provision of treatment, considerable rigor has been applied to the development of screening tools for mental illness at reception into custody [4–6]. But detection by screening processes is only the first step in a referral process to access treatment for SMI. A study conducted in 5 English prisons, found more than 60 % of prisoners identified at the point of reception as taking psychotropic medication never received a mental health assessment and only 36 % received any medication in prison [7]. Similarly a review of screening processes in an urban assessment prison in Australia found that despite one fifth of new prison receptions being detected with serious mental health problems, less than 1 % were transferred to the areas of the prison where intensive mental health assessment and treatment were possible [8]. A participatory action research study of 20,084 consecutive male remands in Ireland [9] yielded 572 successful diversions of mentally ill prisoners from the criminal justice system to therapeutic settings over a 6 year period. This was achieved with substantial and sustained investment of resources and the commitment of clinicians working collaboratively with key stake holders to develop a local solution. These studies highlight the importance of systematic and collaborative approaches to care pathways for prisoners with serious mental illness that include not only screening, but prescribed responses to positive screens which enable appropriate referral, assessment and sustained clinical engagement. Page 2 of 7 In New Zealand, mental health services for remand and sentenced prisoners are provided by forensic mental health teams in an in-reach model working alongside correctional primary health staff. We estimate that inreach team caseloads should be 10 to 15 % of the standing prison population [10], consistent with the prevalence rates of SMI in pooled prison population studies [1]. In 2005, a national census found only 5.1 % of the nation’s prison population under mental health care [11]. Successive investments of public money created the platform for a more comprehensive approach to inreach mental health treatment. However no overarching strategy for in-reach services existed. Quantitative Journal Article Review In 2011, a Prison Model of Care (PMOC) was developed as an inter-regional initiative to improve the consistency and quality of prison mental health in-reach care in the northern part of New Zealand [12]. The PMOC divided the care pathway into five steps (screening, referral, assessment, treatment and release planning) of which the first three are important in the detection of prisoners with SMI. Prior to the PMOC no consistent evidence-based approach to mental health screening was occurring at the point of entry to prisons and the prison medical officer was the sole source of referral. There were no accepted standards for the rapidity of response. The PMOC requires screening at reception to prison be undertaken by prison primary health staff. The screening tool employed was a combination of the Brief Jail Mental Health Screen [13] and the English Mental Health Screen [4] and was validated with New Zealand male prisoners [5]. Figure 1 depicts the pathway commencing with screening, to referral, assessment, treatment and release. Screening is performed by the correctional primary health staff who refer positive screens to the prison in-reach mental health services for triage by a mental health nurse. Thus, in the PMOC, referrals to prison in-reach mental health services are triggered by a positive screen or by concerns raised from other sources including family, court liaison staff, prison officers and primary healthcare providers. Referrals are classified to be seen within 24 h, 72 h or within one week depending on acuity. Referrals lead to a triage interview by an in-reach mental health nurse and then to a full psychiatric assessment if deemed necessary. As shown in Fig. 1, referrals are either retained within the in-reach service for MDT assessment or are transferred back to the correctional primary health services. The PMOC requires collaborative working between correctional health services and prison in-reach mental health services. There were no new resources allocated to bring about this change in service model. However, the implementation of the model was fully supported by the health and correctional services involved. Extensive briefings and Pillai et al. BMC Psychiatry (2016) 16:9 Screening and Referral Page 3 of 7 Triage Assessment Intervention Release Reception – +ve Screen Referral activated Probation Service Custodial / Psychological Services / Transfers from other prisons Family/ Whanau Correctional Primary Health Services Community GP Family/ Whanau Other mental health providers Referrals MDT Assessment In-reach Mental Health & Correctional Services In-reach Mental Health Triage Nurse Treatment Court Liaison Reintegration Planning Referrals to: General MH Services Other providers. E.g. – Residential – AOD Regional Forensic Psychiatry Services In-reach Mental Health Services Correctional Services Other Agencies/Services Fig. 1 The Prison Model of Care Referral and Treatment Pathway information resources were provided to all clinicians in the prison in-reach teams. The implementation of the model was staggered at approximately three month intervals across different prison sites to allow time for liaison with prison authorities, alteration of work practices and reallocation of staff to support changing roles. The aim of this paper is to describe the impact of the screening, referral and assessment pathway implementation on the proportion of prisoners receiving specialist mental health services. Quantitative Journal Article Review It was hypothesised that the structured pathway, building on the study of Evans et al. [5] would lead to improved screening, referral and assessment processes for prisoners with SMI and consequently increased caseloads for in-reach mental health teams. An investigation into the impact of this model on treatment and release planning for those prisoners is described elsewhere [12]. Method An AB research design was used to explore the extent to which mentally ill prisoners were referred to and accepted by prison in-reach mental health teams and to determine the proportion of the prison population receiving specialist mental health care. All prisoners in the four prisons at the start of the study period and prisoners newly received over the subsequent 12 months were included in the analysis. Key outcomes measured included (i) the proportion of new receptions receiving routine mental health screening (ii) the proportion of the prison population receiving specialist mental health care (iii) the proportion of triage assessments completed by mental health nurses and (iv) preservation of existing levels of clinical care as measured by the assessment of prisoners in accordance with their allocated priority times and maintenance of focus on targeted serious mental illness. These outcomes were compared in the year before and year after the implementation of the new screening, assessment and referral pathway and are reported in the results section. The PMOC was established in four prisons [11]. These were: a remand prison for 966 male prisoners; and three minimum to maximum security prisons for 1979 male mixed remand and sentenced prisoners. All prisoners received into the prisons for the first time (new receptions) have a prison primary nursing assessment at the point of arrival in the institution. The combined BJMHS/EMHS tool was added to this nursing assessment as part of the PMOC initiative. Prisoners screening positive at reception, or prisoners for whom concerns were expressed that they might have a SMI, were referred to the in-reach mental team by correctional health staff. In-reach team mental health nurses then performed an initial triage assessment to determine whether the prisoner should be referred for further and more comprehensive mental health assessment. Pillai et al. BMC Psychiatry (2016) 16:9 Page 4 of 7 The comprehensive assessment led to a decision as to whether the in-reach team would provide further services to the prisoner. These are the processes referred to as the screening, referral, and assessment pathways (see Fig. 1). Prisoners referred were identified through the electronic management systems in each of the prisons. Data were collected by electronic file review of the cases identified. All those in prison at the start of the pre and post implementation study periods and newly received over the subsequent 12 months were eligible for inclusion. Subsequent to the completion of the study period, data regarding the proportion of the prison population on prison in-reach caseloads was collected. A trend analysis for three years after the completion of the study was undertaken to determine shifts in the percentage of prisoners with SMI on the caseload of the in-reach mental health team. Data was transferred to Excel spreadsheets and analysed using descriptive statistics. The statistical significance of the results was tested using Z-tests. The research was approved by the Upper South B Regional Ethics Committee (Ethics Ref: URB/10/12/053). Results Total number of prisoners and new receptions The number of prisoners included in the study in the year before the implementation of the PMOC (n = 19349) was similar to the year after (n = 19421). In the studied prisons the proportion of new receptions to total prisoners was significantly greater in the year after the implementation of the PMOC than in the year before (Z = 8.91, p < 0.0001). Quantitative Journal Article Review Referrals to the mental health in-reach team As noted, screening was conducted by the correctional primary care nurses as part of the implementation of this model. The timing of the implementation of the screening tool was managed by correctional services and was not under the control of the research team. Consequently only 24.6 % of new receptions were screened as per the model of care in the post implementation study period. Mental Health screening for new receptions became universal in the year after the post implementation study period. Overall there were 491 referrals (2.5 % of those included in the study) in the pre period and 734 referrals (3.7 %) in the post period. The increase in referral numbers after the introduction of the PMOC was significant (Z = 7.23, p < 0.0001) (see Table 1). At the remand prison and the mixed prisons, there were significantly more referrals in the post-period than in the pre-period (remand prison Z = 3.23, p < 0.01; mixed prisons Z = 6.72, p < 0.0001). Triage assessment of referrals Across all prisons the majority of referrals received triage assessments before and after the introduction of the PMOC (see Table 1). While a significantly greater number of triage assessments occurred after the introduction of the PMOC, (pre = 458 of 19,349, 2.4 %; post = 613 of 19,421, 3.2 %; Z = 4.74, p < 0.0001), there was also a greater proportion of those referred for whom a triage assessment was not completed (pre = 33 of 491, 6.7 %; post = 121 of 734, 16.5 %; Z = 5.50, p < 0.0001) (see Table 1). The most common reason for non-completion was prisoners being transferred or released before initial assessment could take place (see Table 2). The proportion of triage assessments completed by mental health nurses increased from 336 of 458 (73.3 %) to 520 of 613 (84.8 %) (Z = 4.55, p < 0.0001) after implementation of the PMOC (remand prison, pre = 105 of 138, 76 %; post = 182 of 197, 92 %; Z = 4.191, p < 0.0001), (male sentenced prisons, pre = 231 of 320, 72 %; post = 338 of 416, 81 %; Z = 2.91, p = 0.004). The pathway required triage assessments to be completed within certain time frames according to urgency assigned by the correctional primary care team. This data is presented in Table 3. Chi squared tests show no statistically significant difference in the completion of triage assessments within the categories of priority times Table 1 Number of prisoners at each detection stage Total prisoners in the study perioda Remand Prison Mixed Prisons Total Pre Post Pre Post Pre Post 8933 9578 10,416 9843 19,349 19,421 New receptions (% of total prisoners) 8527 (95.5) 9491 (99.1) 8502 (87.4) 8142 (82.7) 17,029 (88.0) 17,633 (90.8) Quantitative Journal Article Review New receptions screened (% of new receptions) 0 (0) 1446 (15.2) 0 (0) 2893 (35.5) 0 (0) 4339 (24.6) New referrals for triage assessment (% of total prisoners) 148 (1.6) 222 (2.3) 343 (3.3) 512 (5.2) 491 (2.5) 734 (3.7) Triage assessments completed (% of referrals) 138 (93.2) 197 (88.7) 320 (93.3) 416 (81.3) 458 (93.3) 613 (83.5) Triage assessments not completed (% of referrals) 10 (6.8) 25 (11.3) 23 (6.7) 96 (18.7) 33 (6.7) 121 (16.5) 147 (74.6) 230 (71.9) 279 (67.1) 338 (73.8) 426 (69.5) Prisoners to MDT assessment and treatment (% of triage assessments) 108 (78.2) a Prison population in first month plus subsequent new receptions over the next 12 months Pillai et al. BMC Psychiatry (2016) 16:9 Page 5 of 7 Table 2 Reasons for no triage assessment Pre Post Prisoner transferred or released 21 65 Prisoner too unwell 1 5 Prisoner declined to engage with team 1 33 Case accepted without triage 3 3 Prisoner suicide 1 0 Prisoner deemed inappropriate for service without initial assessment 3 9 Referral forwarded to another service 0 2 No reason recorded 2 3 Referral withdrawn 1 1 TOTAL 33 121 between the pre and post period within the remand, mixed prisons and both combined. Total numbers of prisoners accepted onto in-reach mental health team caseloads Overall there was a significant increase in the number of eligible prisoners detected and engaged with as new cases for comprehensive assessment and treatment by in-reach mental health teams after implementation (pre = 338 of 19349, 1.7 %; post = 426 of 19421, 2.2 %; Z = ?3.16, p < 0.01). Proportion of prison population on caseload The proportion of the combined prison populations on the in-reach caseload increased significantly between census dates chosen in the pre study period (1 June 2011) and the post period (1 June 2012) (pre = 161 of 2887, 5.6 %; post = 198 of 2825, 7.0 %; z = 2.18, p = 0.0295). Collation of data from subsequent census Table 3 Completion of triage assessments within priority times Initial Assessment Completed within Time? 24 h 72 h 1 week Total Remand Mixed Pre Pre Post Total Post Pre Post Yes 3 1 22 23 25 24 No 2 1 7 13 9 14 Sub-total for 24 h 5 2 29 36 34 38 Yes 61 59 34 49 95 108 No 47 54 24 30 71 84 dates (see Table 4) after the completion of the formal study protocol shows a steady rise in this proportion to 9.8 % in the fourth year post implementation (2015). Diagnostic mix of caseload Clinician recorded primary diagnosis of SMI from accumulated cases over 12 months showed little change between the pre and post implementation periods as depicted in … Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10

Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
Quantitative Journal Article Review
Get a 15% discount on this Paper
Order Essay
Quality Guaranteed

With us, you are either satisfied 100% or you get your money back-No monkey business

Check Prices
Make an order in advance and get the best price
Pages (550 words)
$0.00
*Price with a welcome 15% discount applied.
Pro tip: If you want to save more money and pay the lowest price, you need to set a more extended deadline.
We know that being a student these days is hard. Because of this, our prices are some of the lowest on the market.

Instead, we offer perks, discounts, and free services to enhance your experience.
Sign up, place your order, and leave the rest to our professional paper writers in less than 2 minutes.
step 1
Upload assignment instructions
Fill out the order form and provide paper details. You can even attach screenshots or add additional instructions later. If something is not clear or missing, the writer will contact you for clarification.
s
Get personalized services with My Paper Support
One writer for all your papers
You can select one writer for all your papers. This option enhances the consistency in the quality of your assignments. Select your preferred writer from the list of writers who have handledf your previous assignments
Same paper from different writers
Are you ordering the same assignment for a friend? You can get the same paper from different writers. The goal is to produce 100% unique and original papers
Copy of sources used
Our homework writers will provide you with copies of sources used on your request. Just add the option when plaing your order
What our partners say about us
We appreciate every review and are always looking for ways to grow. See what other students think about our do my paper service.
DISCUSSION D SCIENCE 210
GREAT
Customer 452813, June 28th, 2022
Human Resources Management (HRM)
Thanks.
Customer 452701, August 15th, 2023
Human Resources Management (HRM)
Thank you
Customer 452701, July 26th, 2023
Human Resources Management (HRM)
Thank you so much.
Customer 452701, August 14th, 2023
Nursing
Thanks
Customer 452521, May 13th, 2021
History
thank you so much for the help, I really appreciate that.
Customer 452725, February 13th, 2022
Other
good
Customer 452813, June 30th, 2022
Database design and optimization
communication was great and the work looks perfect.
Customer 452715, February 26th, 2022
Nursing
Excellent as usual. Thank you!
Customer 452707, June 24th, 2023
Social Work and Human Services
Great Work!
Customer 452587, September 16th, 2021
Criminal Justice
Thank you for the great paper. I like how the writer structured it.
Customer 452627, October 2nd, 2021
Other
GREAT
Customer 452813, June 20th, 2022
Enjoy affordable prices and lifetime discounts
Use a coupon FIRST15 and enjoy expert help with any task at the most affordable price.
Order Now Order in Chat

We now help with PROCTORED EXAM. Chat with a support agent for more details