Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health
Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health
Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS ON Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health Nies, Mary A., McEwen, Melanie (2015). Community/Public Health Nursing. Promoting the Health of the Populations. (6 th ed). ISBN: 978-0323-18819-7 Read chapter 1, 2 & 6 of the class textbook and review the attached PowerPoint presentations once done answer the following questions. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health 1. Compare and contrast the definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective and list and explain the, three levels of prevention and give an example of each one. 2. Mention and discuss community/public health nursing interventions as explained by the intervention Wheel. 3. Describe and explain the process of conducting a community health assessment and identify and discuss the uses for epidemiological data at each step of of the nursing process. 4. Compare the application of the public health principles to the nations major health problems at the turn of the twentieth century (i.e. acute disease) with the beginning of the twenty-first century (i.e. chronic disease) and mention and discuss the major contemporary issues facing community/public health nursing, and trace the historical roots to the present. As stated in the syllabus please present your assignment in an APA format word document, Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the discussion board title Week 1 discussion questions. A minimum of 2 evidence-based references is required (not counting the class textbook) no older than 5 years. Answers should be presented in an essay style format and a minimum of 700 words (excluding the first and reference page). APA Format Arial 12 A minimum of 2 evidence-based references is required (not counting the class textbook) no older than 5 years. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health chapter_006_chn.pptx chapter_002_chn.pptx chapter_001_chn.pptx Chapter 6 Community Assessment Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Defining the Community ? Aggregate of people ? ? ? Location in space and time ? ? ? The who Share personal characteristics and risks The where and when Physical location frequently delineated by boundaries and influenced by the passage of time Social system ? ? The why and how Interrelationships of aggregates fulfilling community functions Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Diagram of Assessment Parameters Figure 6-1 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Community Assessment Parameters ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Geography Population Environment Industry Education Recreations Religion Communication Transportation ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Public services Political organization Community development or planning Disaster programs Health statistics Social problems Health manpower Health professional organizations Community services Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Healthy Communities ? ? ? A movement to help community members bring about positive health changes Interconnectedness between people and the public and private sectors is essential to make changes. Each community has its unique perspective. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Assessing the Community ? Windshield survey ? ? ? Gain an understanding of environmental layout Locate possible areas of environmental concern through sight, sense, and sound Gives nurse an opportunity to observe people and their role in the community Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Windshield Survey ? ? ? Community vitality Indicators of social and economic conditions Health resources ? ? ? Environmental conditions related to health Social functioning Attitudes toward health and health care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Assessing the Community (Cont.) ? Sources of data: ? Census data and other census reports ? Vital statistics ? NCHS survey data ? Local, regional, and state government reports ? Locally generated data collection ? Analysis of demographic information provides descriptive information about the population Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Assessing the Community (Cont.) Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ? Needs assessment Used to understand the communitys perspective ? Interview key community informants ? Use community forums, focus groups, or surveys ? 12 Steps in a Needs Assessment ? Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Steps in the Needs Assessment Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identify aggregate for assessment Engage the community in planning the assessment Identify required information Select method of data gathering Develop questionnaires or interview questions Develop procedures for data collection Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Steps in the Needs Assessment Process (Cont.) 7. Train data collectors 8. Arrange for a sample representative of the aggregate 9. Conduct needs assessment 10. Tabulate and analyze data 11. Identify needs suggested by data 12. Develop an action plan Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Nursing Process ? The nursing process can be applied to the community as a client. ? Needs assessment ? Diagnosing health problems (actual and potential) ? Planning ? Intervention ? Evaluation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Format for Community Health Diagnosis Figure 6-3 Redrawn from Muecke MA: Community health diagnosis in nursing, Public Health Nurs 1:23-35, 1984. Used with permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Epidemiological Studies Used Throughout the Nursing Process ? ? ? ? ? Support planning by establishing effectiveness of certain interventions in specific aggregates Construct benchmarks to gauge achievement of program objectives Compare data with other rates Identify objectives of successful programs Document effectiveness with epidemiological data Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Chapter 2 Historical Factors: Community Health Nursing in Context Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Stages* in the Disease History of Humankind ? ? ? ? ? Hunting and gathering (before 10,000 B.C.) Settled villages (10,000 to 6000 B.C.) Preindustrial cities (6000 B.C. to 1800 A.D.) Industrial cities (1700 to 1800 A.D.) Present period (1900 to 2000 A.D.) *Stages overlap and time periods are widely debated in the field of anthropology. Some form of each stage remains evident in the world today. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Aggregate Impact on Health ? ? ? Increased population Increased population density Imbalanced human ecology ? Resulted in changes in cultural adaptation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts ? Prerecorded historic times (before 5000 B.C.) ? ? Practices based on superstition or sanitation Health practices evolved to ensure survival Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Classical times (3000 to 200 B.C.) ? Devised ways to flush water; constructed drainage systems ? Developed pharmaceutical preparations ? Embalmed the dead ? Dealt with pollution ? Hygienic code to protect food and water ? Greek and Roman impact public health Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Greeks ? Literature contains accounts of communicable diseases Endemic, epidemic, and pandemic ? Hippocratic book on Airs, Waters and Places ? Hygeia, goddess of health, or good living ? Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health Panacea, goddess of curative medicine ? Balance of human life with environmental demands Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Disease Definitions Disease Definitions Endemic Diseases that are always present in a population (e.g., colds and pneumonia). Epidemic Diseases that are not always present in a population but flare up on occasion (e.g., diphtheria and measles). Pandemic The existence of disease in a large proportion of the populationa global epidemic (e.g., HIV, AIDS, and annual outbreaks of influenza type A). Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Romans ? Surpassed Greek engineering Massive aqueducts, bathhouses, and sewer systems ? Addressed occupational health threats ? Priests mediated diseases and dispensed medicine ? Public physicians worked in designated towns Worked in groups much like todays HMOs Eared money to care for the poor ? Hospital for sick poor established by Fabiola, a Christian woman Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Middle Ages (500 to 1500 A.D.) ? Monasteries promoted collective activity to protect public health. ? Churches enforced hygienic codes. ? A pandemic ravaged the world in the 14th century. ? Modern public health practices (e.g., isolation, disinfection, quarantines) emerged. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Renaissance (15th, 16th, 17th centuries) ? ? ? A theory about the cause of infection evolved. Leeuwenhoek described microscopic organisms. Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 18th century ? The Industrial Revolution occurred. ? Poor children were forced into labor. ? Vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner. ? Sanitary Revolutions public health reforms were taking place. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 19th century ? ? ? Communicable diseases ravaged the population that lived in unsanitary conditions. Edwin Chadwick examined death rates by occupation and class in England. The General Board of Health for England was established in 1848. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 19th century (Cont.) ? ? Public health laws were enacted in 1849: Healthy mental and physical development of citizens Prevention of all dangers to health Control of disease John Snow demonstrated the transmission of cholera via the public water source. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 19th century (Cont.) ? Waves of epidemics occurred in the United States. ? Lemuel Shattuck published vital statistics in Massachusetts; he called for child health reform. ? The first Board of Health was formed in response. ? The AMA was asked to collected vital statistics. ? Efforts focused on determinants of health. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ? The advent of modern health care occurred. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ? ? ? ? ? ? Credited with establishing modern nursing Concern for environmental determinants of health Emphasis on sanitation, community assessment, and analysis Use of graphically depicted statistics and comparable census data Political advocate Education reform for nurses Figure 2-2 Public domain; courtesy University of Chicago Library. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Impact of Important Scientists ? Louis Pasteur ? ? ? Robert Koch ? ? Theory of existence of germs Discovered immunizations in 1881 and the rabies vaccine in 1885 Discovered causative agent for cholera and the tubercle bacillus in 1882 Joseph Lister ? Surgical success with wound care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Modern Medical Care ? ? ? ? Emergence of germ theory focused diagnosis and treatment on individual organism and individual disease. Community outcry for social reforms forced governments to take action. Boards of health and health departments began in 1866. TB surveillance began in 1889. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Modern Medical Care (Cont.) ? ? ? Flexner Report (1910) outlined shortcomings of U.S. medical schools. Philanthropic foundations influenced health care efforts. 1916: Rockefeller Foundation established first school of public health at Johns Hopkins. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Community Caregiver ? ? ? ? Traditional healer common in non-Western, ancient, and primitive societies. Societies retain folk practices because of their success. Folk healing practices are socially cohesive and involve support systems. Although often overlooked, cultural practices affect health. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Establishment of Public Health Nursing ? In England ? District Nursing in England, 1850s ? Rathbone worked with Nightingale to educate health nurses, 1859 ? Health Visiting in Manchester, England, 1862 ? In the United States ? ? Visiting Nurses, 1877 Henry Street Settlement, 1893 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Lillian Wald (1867-1940) ? ? ? ? Established Henry Street Settlement in 1893 (along with Mary Brewster) Played an important role in establishing public health nursing in the United Stateslater called Visiting Nurses Association of NYC Role of Henry Street Settlement was one of helping people to help themselves (Wald, 1871) The Childrens Bureau and the Social Security Act Legislation formed as a result of these efforts Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Other Key Dates in the Establishment of PH Nursing ? ? ? ? ? First School Nurse, Linda Rogers, 1902 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company provided home nurses for policyholders, 1909 Department of Nursing and Health at Teachers College of Columbia University in NYC, 1910 National Organization of Public Health Nurses formed, 1912 (Lillian Wald was first president) Public Health Service appointed its first public health nurse, 1913 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Changing Perspectives on Mortality in the 20th Century and Beyond ? ? ? ? ? ?. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health Change from infectious diseases to chronic conditions Modern medical advances (vaccination programs and antibiotics) Holistic approach to health Better sanitation and nutrition Grecian Hygeia (i.e., healthful living) vs. Panacea (i.e., cure) dichotomy Multi-causal, not uni-causal, view of disease Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Challenges for Community Health Nursing ? ? ? ? ? Promote the health of populations Need a broadened focus on the multiple causes of morbidity and mortality Aware of increased technological advances Understand the community need for a focus on prevention, health promotion, and home care Focus on holistic care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Challenges for Community Health Nursing (Cont.) ? Emphasis on population-based focus nursing ? ? ? ? ? ? Work on behalf of aggregates Understand social determinants of health Gather information and statistics to make decisions Be part of the solution to find ways to solve persistent health problems Emphasize societys responsibility for health Empower people to help themselves Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Chapter 1 Health: A Community View Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Community/Public Health Nursing ? ? ? ? is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice. has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations. focuses on health promotion and health maintenance. is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to patient demand. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 The mission of public health is ? social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible. http://www.health.gov/phfunctions/public.htm Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 How Do We Define Health? ? A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. World Health Organization, 1958 ? The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities. World Health Organization, 1986 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Community ? a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals. Nies and McEwen, 2013 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Figure 1-2 From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Federal Interagency Workgroup: The vision, mission, and goals of Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Consortium/HP2020Framework.pdf. Accessed July 2013. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators ? ? ? ? ? Access to Health Services Clinical Preventive Services Environmental Quality Injury and Violence Maternal, Infant, and Child Health ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Mental Health Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Oral Health Reproductive and Sexual Health Social Determinants Substance Abuse Tobacco Use Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Public and Community Health ? Public health is the Science and Art of (1) preventing disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort C.E. Winslow Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ? Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Core Public Health Functions ? ? ? Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a community. Policy development: Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies. Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary heath services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies. Institute of Medicine (1988) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 10 Essential Services ? Assessment ? ? ? Monitor health status to identify community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 10 Essential Services (Cont.) ? Policy Development ? ? ? ? Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. R Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10
Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health
Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED AND ORIGINAL ESSAY PAPERS ON Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health Nies, Mary A., McEwen, Melanie (2015). Community/Public Health Nursing. Promoting the Health of the Populations. (6 th ed). ISBN: 978-0323-18819-7 Read chapter 1, 2 & 6 of the class textbook and review the attached PowerPoint presentations once done answer the following questions. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health 1. Compare and contrast the definitions of health from a public health nursing perspective and list and explain the, three levels of prevention and give an example of each one. 2. Mention and discuss community/public health nursing interventions as explained by the intervention Wheel. 3. Describe and explain the process of conducting a community health assessment and identify and discuss the uses for epidemiological data at each step of of the nursing process. 4. Compare the application of the public health principles to the nations major health problems at the turn of the twentieth century (i.e. acute disease) with the beginning of the twenty-first century (i.e. chronic disease) and mention and discuss the major contemporary issues facing community/public health nursing, and trace the historical roots to the present. As stated in the syllabus please present your assignment in an APA format word document, Arial 12 font attached to the forum in the discussion board title Week 1 discussion questions. A minimum of 2 evidence-based references is required (not counting the class textbook) no older than 5 years. Answers should be presented in an essay style format and a minimum of 700 words (excluding the first and reference page). APA Format Arial 12 A minimum of 2 evidence-based references is required (not counting the class textbook) no older than 5 years. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health chapter_006_chn.pptx chapter_002_chn.pptx chapter_001_chn.pptx Chapter 6 Community Assessment Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Defining the Community ? Aggregate of people ? ? ? Location in space and time ? ? ? The who Share personal characteristics and risks The where and when Physical location frequently delineated by boundaries and influenced by the passage of time Social system ? ? The why and how Interrelationships of aggregates fulfilling community functions Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Diagram of Assessment Parameters Figure 6-1 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Community Assessment Parameters ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Geography Population Environment Industry Education Recreations Religion Communication Transportation ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Public services Political organization Community development or planning Disaster programs Health statistics Social problems Health manpower Health professional organizations Community services Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Healthy Communities ? ? ? A movement to help community members bring about positive health changes Interconnectedness between people and the public and private sectors is essential to make changes. Each community has its unique perspective. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Assessing the Community ? Windshield survey ? ? ? Gain an understanding of environmental layout Locate possible areas of environmental concern through sight, sense, and sound Gives nurse an opportunity to observe people and their role in the community Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Windshield Survey ? ? ? Community vitality Indicators of social and economic conditions Health resources ? ? ? Environmental conditions related to health Social functioning Attitudes toward health and health care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Assessing the Community (Cont.) ? Sources of data: ? Census data and other census reports ? Vital statistics ? NCHS survey data ? Local, regional, and state government reports ? Locally generated data collection ? Analysis of demographic information provides descriptive information about the population Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Assessing the Community (Cont.) Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ? Needs assessment Used to understand the communitys perspective ? Interview key community informants ? Use community forums, focus groups, or surveys ? 12 Steps in a Needs Assessment ? Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Steps in the Needs Assessment Process 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Identify aggregate for assessment Engage the community in planning the assessment Identify required information Select method of data gathering Develop questionnaires or interview questions Develop procedures for data collection Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Steps in the Needs Assessment Process (Cont.) 7. Train data collectors 8. Arrange for a sample representative of the aggregate 9. Conduct needs assessment 10. Tabulate and analyze data 11. Identify needs suggested by data 12. Develop an action plan Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Nursing Process ? The nursing process can be applied to the community as a client. ? Needs assessment ? Diagnosing health problems (actual and potential) ? Planning ? Intervention ? Evaluation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Format for Community Health Diagnosis Figure 6-3 Redrawn from Muecke MA: Community health diagnosis in nursing, Public Health Nurs 1:23-35, 1984. Used with permission of Blackwell Scientific Publications. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Epidemiological Studies Used Throughout the Nursing Process ? ? ? ? ? Support planning by establishing effectiveness of certain interventions in specific aggregates Construct benchmarks to gauge achievement of program objectives Compare data with other rates Identify objectives of successful programs Document effectiveness with epidemiological data Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Chapter 2 Historical Factors: Community Health Nursing in Context Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Stages* in the Disease History of Humankind ? ? ? ? ? Hunting and gathering (before 10,000 B.C.) Settled villages (10,000 to 6000 B.C.) Preindustrial cities (6000 B.C. to 1800 A.D.) Industrial cities (1700 to 1800 A.D.) Present period (1900 to 2000 A.D.) *Stages overlap and time periods are widely debated in the field of anthropology. Some form of each stage remains evident in the world today. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 Aggregate Impact on Health ? ? ? Increased population Increased population density Imbalanced human ecology ? Resulted in changes in cultural adaptation Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts ? Prerecorded historic times (before 5000 B.C.) ? ? Practices based on superstition or sanitation Health practices evolved to ensure survival Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Classical times (3000 to 200 B.C.) ? Devised ways to flush water; constructed drainage systems ? Developed pharmaceutical preparations ? Embalmed the dead ? Dealt with pollution ? Hygienic code to protect food and water ? Greek and Roman impact public health Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Greeks ? Literature contains accounts of communicable diseases Endemic, epidemic, and pandemic ? Hippocratic book on Airs, Waters and Places ? Hygeia, goddess of health, or good living ? Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health Panacea, goddess of curative medicine ? Balance of human life with environmental demands Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Disease Definitions Disease Definitions Endemic Diseases that are always present in a population (e.g., colds and pneumonia). Epidemic Diseases that are not always present in a population but flare up on occasion (e.g., diphtheria and measles). Pandemic The existence of disease in a large proportion of the populationa global epidemic (e.g., HIV, AIDS, and annual outbreaks of influenza type A). Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Romans ? Surpassed Greek engineering Massive aqueducts, bathhouses, and sewer systems ? Addressed occupational health threats ? Priests mediated diseases and dispensed medicine ? Public physicians worked in designated towns Worked in groups much like todays HMOs Eared money to care for the poor ? Hospital for sick poor established by Fabiola, a Christian woman Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Middle Ages (500 to 1500 A.D.) ? Monasteries promoted collective activity to protect public health. ? Churches enforced hygienic codes. ? A pandemic ravaged the world in the 14th century. ? Modern public health practices (e.g., isolation, disinfection, quarantines) emerged. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? Renaissance (15th, 16th, 17th centuries) ? ? ? A theory about the cause of infection evolved. Leeuwenhoek described microscopic organisms. Elizabethan Poor Laws were enacted. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 18th century ? The Industrial Revolution occurred. ? Poor children were forced into labor. ? Vaccination was discovered by Edward Jenner. ? Sanitary Revolutions public health reforms were taking place. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 11 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 19th century ? ? ? Communicable diseases ravaged the population that lived in unsanitary conditions. Edwin Chadwick examined death rates by occupation and class in England. The General Board of Health for England was established in 1848. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 12 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 19th century (Cont.) ? ? Public health laws were enacted in 1849: Healthy mental and physical development of citizens Prevention of all dangers to health Control of disease John Snow demonstrated the transmission of cholera via the public water source. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 13 Evolution of Early Public Health Efforts (Cont.) ? 19th century (Cont.) ? Waves of epidemics occurred in the United States. ? Lemuel Shattuck published vital statistics in Massachusetts; he called for child health reform. ? The first Board of Health was formed in response. ? The AMA was asked to collected vital statistics. ? Efforts focused on determinants of health. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ? The advent of modern health care occurred. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 14 Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) ? ? ? ? ? ? Credited with establishing modern nursing Concern for environmental determinants of health Emphasis on sanitation, community assessment, and analysis Use of graphically depicted statistics and comparable census data Political advocate Education reform for nurses Figure 2-2 Public domain; courtesy University of Chicago Library. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 15 Impact of Important Scientists ? Louis Pasteur ? ? ? Robert Koch ? ? Theory of existence of germs Discovered immunizations in 1881 and the rabies vaccine in 1885 Discovered causative agent for cholera and the tubercle bacillus in 1882 Joseph Lister ? Surgical success with wound care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 16 Modern Medical Care ? ? ? ? Emergence of germ theory focused diagnosis and treatment on individual organism and individual disease. Community outcry for social reforms forced governments to take action. Boards of health and health departments began in 1866. TB surveillance began in 1889. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 17 Modern Medical Care (Cont.) ? ? ? Flexner Report (1910) outlined shortcomings of U.S. medical schools. Philanthropic foundations influenced health care efforts. 1916: Rockefeller Foundation established first school of public health at Johns Hopkins. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 18 Community Caregiver ? ? ? ? Traditional healer common in non-Western, ancient, and primitive societies. Societies retain folk practices because of their success. Folk healing practices are socially cohesive and involve support systems. Although often overlooked, cultural practices affect health. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 19 Establishment of Public Health Nursing ? In England ? District Nursing in England, 1850s ? Rathbone worked with Nightingale to educate health nurses, 1859 ? Health Visiting in Manchester, England, 1862 ? In the United States ? ? Visiting Nurses, 1877 Henry Street Settlement, 1893 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 20 Lillian Wald (1867-1940) ? ? ? ? Established Henry Street Settlement in 1893 (along with Mary Brewster) Played an important role in establishing public health nursing in the United Stateslater called Visiting Nurses Association of NYC Role of Henry Street Settlement was one of helping people to help themselves (Wald, 1871) The Childrens Bureau and the Social Security Act Legislation formed as a result of these efforts Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 21 Other Key Dates in the Establishment of PH Nursing ? ? ? ? ? First School Nurse, Linda Rogers, 1902 Metropolitan Life Insurance Company provided home nurses for policyholders, 1909 Department of Nursing and Health at Teachers College of Columbia University in NYC, 1910 National Organization of Public Health Nurses formed, 1912 (Lillian Wald was first president) Public Health Service appointed its first public health nurse, 1913 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 22 Changing Perspectives on Mortality in the 20th Century and Beyond ? ? ? ? ? ?. Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health Change from infectious diseases to chronic conditions Modern medical advances (vaccination programs and antibiotics) Holistic approach to health Better sanitation and nutrition Grecian Hygeia (i.e., healthful living) vs. Panacea (i.e., cure) dichotomy Multi-causal, not uni-causal, view of disease Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 23 Challenges for Community Health Nursing ? ? ? ? ? Promote the health of populations Need a broadened focus on the multiple causes of morbidity and mortality Aware of increased technological advances Understand the community need for a focus on prevention, health promotion, and home care Focus on holistic care Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 24 Challenges for Community Health Nursing (Cont.) ? Emphasis on population-based focus nursing ? ? ? ? ? ? Work on behalf of aggregates Understand social determinants of health Gather information and statistics to make decisions Be part of the solution to find ways to solve persistent health problems Emphasize societys responsibility for health Empower people to help themselves Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 25 Chapter 1 Health: A Community View Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Community/Public Health Nursing ? ? ? ? is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice. has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations. focuses on health promotion and health maintenance. is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to patient demand. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 2 The mission of public health is ? social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible. http://www.health.gov/phfunctions/public.htm Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 3 How Do We Define Health? ? A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. World Health Organization, 1958 ? The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore, seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, and physical capacities. World Health Organization, 1986 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 4 Community ? a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/or goals. Nies and McEwen, 2013 Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 5 Figure 1-2 From U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Federal Interagency Workgroup: The vision, mission, and goals of Healthy People 2020. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/Consortium/HP2020Framework.pdf. Accessed July 2013. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 6 Healthy People 2020 Leading Health Indicators ? ? ? ? ? Access to Health Services Clinical Preventive Services Environmental Quality Injury and Violence Maternal, Infant, and Child Health ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Mental Health Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Oral Health Reproductive and Sexual Health Social Determinants Substance Abuse Tobacco Use Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 7 Public and Community Health ? Public health is the Science and Art of (1) preventing disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort C.E. Winslow Discussion: Definitions of Health from Public Health ? Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the community level through both government and private efforts. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 8 Core Public Health Functions ? ? ? Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a community. Policy development: Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies. Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary heath services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies. Institute of Medicine (1988) Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 9 10 Essential Services ? Assessment ? ? ? Monitor health status to identify community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community. Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems. Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007, 2001, 1997, 1993 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. 10 10 Essential Services (Cont.) ? Policy Development ? ? ? ? Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues. Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts. R Get a 10 % discount on an order above $ 100 Use the following coupon code : NURSING10
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