United States | Instant Homework Help

1).Over the last few centuries numerous historical events have taken place that resulted in a major impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States. The notion of age of responsibility and maturity level has been the central focus since the inception of recorded history. The question remains today of when and under what circumstances children are capable of forming criminal intent (“Juvenile Justice”, p. 5) which has led to continuous debates still occurring today.Up until the early 1800s juvenile offenders in the United States received the same treatment and punishment as adult offenders. It was very common for juveniles to be housed with adults as well. In 1818, a New York City commission initiated the term “juvenile delinquency”, and brought to the attention of the public eye and identified pauperism, or poverty, as a root cause of misbehavior amongst juveniles. In 1825, the Society for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency began to campaign for the separation of juveniles from adults. Over the course of the next few years, numerous juvenile institutions were established. These institutions, known as houses of refuge, primarily focused on education and treatment, instead of solely focusing on punishment (“Juvenile Justice”, pp. 6-7).With public warning from the New York City police chief, that violent juvenile offenses were steadily increasing, in 1849 the United States transitioned from houses of refuge to concentrating on reform schools and preventive agencies (“Juvenile Justice”, p. 7) Industrial Schools for dependent children were founded in 1879, as a result of the Industrial School Act, preceded by the Chicago Reform School Act,  but were later held unconstitutional. As a result of unsuccessful reform schools , the child savers movement developed during the post-Civil War era, with high and genuine concern for the welfare of children, leading to the establishment of the first juvenile/family court in 1899 (“Juvenile Justice”, p. 8).By 1932 the number of independent juvenile courts across the United States, exceeded 600. All states had enacted laws developing separate juvenile courts by 1945. Because juvenile courts were not criminal courts , juvenile offenders did not possess the same constitutional rights as accused adult offenders.  Historical U.S. Supreme Court cases such as Holmes, Kent v. United States, Gault,  and McKeiver v. Pennsylvania, mentioned in this week’s reading, and their holdings, have all had a dramatic impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in America (“Juvenile Justice”, pp. 9-10).A few other major historical legislative acts that dramatically impacted the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States have been enacted by Congress over the years. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency act of 1974, which established the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention to support efforts – local and state – in delinquency prevention and juvenile justice system improvement. A few of the milestones of this Act include the 1974 juvenile/adult separation requirement, the 1980 establishment of jail removal requirements, and emphasizing prevention and treatment, family strengthening, graduated sanctions, and risk-need assessments all in 1992. Later, in 2018, the Juvenile Justice Reform Act  reauthorized and amended the JJDP Act, mentioned above (“Legislation”).With the exception of participation in public jury trials, juvenile offenders are now protected by the constitution and afforded the same rights as adult offenders. The U.S. Supreme Court also found juveniles to have an underdeveloped sense of responsibility, and therefore it would be difficult for them to bare blame and punishment, as their adult counterparts. These findings are a direct result of the historic 2005 case of Roper v. Simmons (“Juvenile Justice”, pp. 10-11). In a more recent U.S. Supreme Court doctrine, specifically related to sentencing juvenile offenders transferred to adult criminal courts, it is held that those juveniles will not receive the death penalty, will not receive life without parole for non-homicide offenses, and will not be sentenced mandatory life without parole statutes (Darden, p. 2).To be honest, my opinion is two sided in terms of how these historical events have impacted the juvenile justice network. On one hand, I think it is awesome that so many laws and programs have been enacted in an attempt to help juveniles get on the right track and deter them from becoming adult criminals. However, it seems to me that youth are steadily becoming more violent. I am not sure if it is because we are in a society where nearly everything is recorded and uploaded to social media, but it almost seems as if the new generation is not afraid of anything, including the law. I think that because so many laws work in their favor because they “have an underdeveloped sense of responsibility” many of juveniles choose to commit crimes, often violent, and use the age factor to their advantage.2).  Some of the historical events that have had an impact on the contemporary juvenile justice network in the United States, I can say starting off has to be the age differential for punishment. What I mean by that is, while reading some of the historical events I came across this portion; “there were no corporal punishment prior to puberty, which was considered to be the age of 12 years for females and 13 years for males. No capital punishment was to be imposed for those under 20 years of age, and that children under the age of 17 years were typically exempt from the death penalty (Bernard,1992)”.Another historical event that had such an impact would be dealing with Chancery courts, under the guidance of the king’s chancellor, were created to consider petitions of those who were in need of special aid or intervention, such as women and children left in need of protection and aid by reason of divorce, death of a spouse, or abandonment, and to grant relief to such persons. Through the chancery courts, the king exercised the right of parens patriae (“parent of the country”) by enabling these courts to act in loco parentis (“in the place of parents”) to provide necessary services for the benefit of women and children (Bynum & Thompson, 1992).Basically, stating that, “the king, as ruler of his country, was to assume responsibility for all of those under his rule, to provide parental care for children who had no parents, and to assist women who required aid for any of the reasons just mentioned. Although chancery courts did not normally deal with youthful offenders, they did deal with dependent or neglected children, as do juvenile courts in the United States today”.My opinion on both are pretty much upside down, because these juveniles are getting more and more out of hand and I feel as if they are doing so not just because lack of attention from home, parents etc. they come up with but just foolishness knowing that they won’t necessarily get punished for it. But times have changed are going to continue to change just because of that. I was reading on the case Roper v. Simmons. This case was very interesting to me because teens are still committing these types of crimes, which I call pre-meditated. I wouldn’t want my love one away from me, but committing such crime, consequences are needed to be set in place. Now as far as the time served giving that would be difficult for me to decide, only because you may NEVER know what a person is committing the crime for. They can tell you one thing and mean another. Long term effects will result in continuous increase in prison population, after while the juvenile courts/jail will no longer be needed because it’s a continuous thing with the crimes being done. Juveniles stealing cars, robbing and killing-the EXACT thing they see us adults doing and seeing the punishments being given and thinking oh that’s nothing I can serve that. It’s like it’s a trend now.

Don't use plagiarized sources. Get Your Custom Essay on
United States | Instant Homework Help
Get a 15% discount on this Paper
Order Essay
Quality Guaranteed

With us, you are either satisfied 100% or you get your money back-No monkey business

Check Prices
Make an order in advance and get the best price
Pages (550 words)
$0.00
*Price with a welcome 15% discount applied.
Pro tip: If you want to save more money and pay the lowest price, you need to set a more extended deadline.
We know that being a student these days is hard. Because of this, our prices are some of the lowest on the market.

Instead, we offer perks, discounts, and free services to enhance your experience.
Sign up, place your order, and leave the rest to our professional paper writers in less than 2 minutes.
step 1
Upload assignment instructions
Fill out the order form and provide paper details. You can even attach screenshots or add additional instructions later. If something is not clear or missing, the writer will contact you for clarification.
s
Get personalized services with My Paper Support
One writer for all your papers
You can select one writer for all your papers. This option enhances the consistency in the quality of your assignments. Select your preferred writer from the list of writers who have handledf your previous assignments
Same paper from different writers
Are you ordering the same assignment for a friend? You can get the same paper from different writers. The goal is to produce 100% unique and original papers
Copy of sources used
Our homework writers will provide you with copies of sources used on your request. Just add the option when plaing your order
What our partners say about us
We appreciate every review and are always looking for ways to grow. See what other students think about our do my paper service.
Nursing
Always on time and a life saver for sure!!!!!!!!!!!!
Customer 452453, October 22nd, 2021
Other
GREAT
Customer 452813, June 20th, 2022
Human Resources Management (HRM)
Thanks.
Customer 452701, August 15th, 2023
Nursing
Perfect as usual!!! Thanks team!
Customer 452453, May 26th, 2021
Nursing
Great work! I can tell they put great effort in completing this assignment. Thank you.
Customer 452707, October 14th, 2022
Other
GREAT
Customer 452813, June 20th, 2022
Social Work and Human Services
Excellent!
Customer 452587, August 3rd, 2021
Other
Excellent work, delivered ahead of schedule
Customer 452467, January 19th, 2024
Social Work and Human Services
Thank you
Customer 452559, July 2nd, 2021
Other
Thank you for a well written paper!!!
Customer 452557, January 19th, 2022
Philosophy
The paper is great. Will definitely use again.
Customer 452773, May 24th, 2022
ENVIRONMENT SCIENCE
GOOD
Customer 452813, June 19th, 2022
Enjoy affordable prices and lifetime discounts
Use a coupon FIRST15 and enjoy expert help with any task at the most affordable price.
Order Now Order in Chat

We now help with PROCTORED EXAM. Chat with a support agent for more details