Biology

The discovery of the antibiotic Penicillin in the 1920s made a big impact on human history. Not only did it provide a cure for bacterial infections that were once deadly, but it also led to a golden age in the discovery of new antibiotics. The great benefit of these drugs is that antibiotics inhibit the growth of bacterial cells or kill them outright, and yet, on the whole, do not harm eukaryotic cells. Answer BOTH of the following questions: Given the following list of antibiotics and their targets, explain how each stops bacteria without harming human cells. Base your analyses on the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Considering the targets of these antibiotics, explain why antibiotics in general would not be useful for treating a viral infection.AntibioticTargetPenicillinBlocks cell wall synthesisTetracyclineBlocks protein synthesis by binding to the 30S Unit of the ribosome Chloramphenicol Blocks protein synthesis by binding to the 50S Unit of the ribosome SulfonamidesInhibit folic acid synthesisVancomycinBlocks cross-linking of the peptidoglycan in the cell will read this to enhance your understanding of the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: How do antibiotics kill bacterial cells but not human cells? See a comparison of bacterial and viral features here: Differences between bacteria and viruses. Follow these guidelines for your paper: Utilize at least 1 credible source to support the arguments presented in the paper. Make sure you cite appropriately within your paper and list the reference(s) in APA format on your Reference page. Your paper should be 1–2 pages in length, not counting the Title page and      Reference page. ReferencesMobley, H. (2018). How do antibiotics kill bacterial cells but not human cells? Retrieved from: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-antibiotics-kill-b/Aryal, S. (2015). Differences between bacteria and viruses. Retrieved from: https://microbiologyinfo.com/differences-between-bacteria-and-viruses/

OUTLINE FOR RESEARCH PROPOSAL   1. INTRODUCTION (provide a broad yet meaningful of the subject matter under investigation) 2.RESEARCH QUESTIONS (between 3-5 only and should correspond with chapters) 3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES and Statement of Problems   4. LITERATURE REVIEW (Should be fairly extensive and cover the major as well as most recent works. Provide a critical appraisal of the works under review and not mere summaries. These can be addressed in a thematic manner as well.)  important   5.     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY (e.g. the work’s contribution to knowledge)   6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY (quantitative, qualitative or mixed-method; methods of obtaining data i.e. primary & secondary sources, interviews (structured or semi-structured); methods of sampling, etc.)- library research, lab work, fieldwork, historical documentary, interview, survey, evaluation and analysis                 important Research proposal for PhD thesis,  study area: Genetics and Breeding (Plants) Title of research proposal:  Genetics and plant breeding for wheat disease resistance keywords:  Wheat disease resistance breeding, genetics and plant breeding

The concept of biological evolution is considered both a scientific theory (which is different than a theory in the colloquial sense) and a scientific fact. Like all theories in science, however, evolution is also subject to refinement and discovery based on new findings. Even today, we are discovering new fossils, or using new technologies to analyze older fossils. In either of these cases, we are discovering new information about the past, that we can use to predict the future. This week, we will look for modern-day examples of biological evolution, those that were recently discovered, the use of newer technologies, or simply finding out more about past projects. You are to find an article on biological evolution.  Choose an article that is different than your classmates – which means you should have a very descriptive title to your post. Summarize the main points of the article. Was there a new technology used? How? What did it discover? Were there a new species discovered? New information on an already discovered species? What was the species? What was the information? What were the methods used? Is this groundbreaking?

Your organs are composed of the four tissue types; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Organs are wondrous things, each one with a different function vital to the homeostasis of your body. While it is easy for us to view a particular organ as a single item, it is in fact comprised of many different types of cells and structures, each one unique and yet each one working together to perform the functions of the organ. In this Assignment, you will research an individual organ and its complexity. Your APA-formatted essay should: Provide a general description of your assigned organ in the introduction. In the general description, you will include the following: a brief description of the primary functions of this organ, its general shape, and the location of this organ in the human body. Describe in detail the importance of this organ to the function of the body as a whole. What are the functions of this organ and how is it critical for survival? Identify and describe which of the four tissue types (epithelial, connective, muscle, and/or nervous tissues) are present in the organ. Describe any organ-specific cell types that are present and if these cell types have any special structures (e.g., presence of microvilli and/or abundance of particular organelle such as mitochondria). Discuss in detail how these different cell-types work together to provide the overall function of the organ. Include a discussion of why each organ requires the different tissue types as well as unique cell types to function. Why can the organs not be comprised of just one cell type? What is the advantage of having so many different types of cells? The organ assigned to you for this essay is listed below and is based on the first letter of your last name: First Letter of Last NameOrganA-DHeartE-HLungI-MKidneyN-RSpleenS-VLiverW-ZStomachBasic Writing Requirements: Essay should be APA formatted. Should include a cover page, an introduction, and a conclusion. The body of the essay should address the different topics and questions described above. All statements of fact should be included in an APA reference list at the end of the essay. The essay should be a minimum of 750 words in length not counting the cover page and reference list. Submitting Your AssignmentSave your copy of the APA-formatted Assignment in a location and with a name that you will remember. Be sure to use the “Save As” option to include your first and last name in the title of the document. For example, your Assignment might be called Shawn_Edwards_Assignment4.docWhen you are ready, submit your work via the Dropbox.

The discussion assignment provides a forum for discussing relevant topics for this week based on the course competencies covered. For this assignment, make sure you post your initial response to the Discussion Area by the due date assigned. To support your work, use your course and text readings and also use outside sources. As in all assignments, cite your sources in your work and provide references for the citations in APA format. Start reviewing and responding to the postings of your classmates as early in the week as possible. Respond to at least two of your classmates. Participate in the discussion by asking a question, providing a statement of clarification, providing a point of view with a rationale, challenging an aspect of the discussion, or indicating a relationship between two or more lines of reasoning in the discussion. Complete your participation in this assignment by the end of the week. Passive Surveillance, For the most part, providers, including physicians and laboratories, are required by state laws to report health conditions. For some communicable diseases, this type of passive surveillance of notifiable diseases helps identify outbreaks, epidemics, pandemics, and possible bioterrorism. Using the South University Online Library or the Internet, review priorities in chronic disease prevention and control. Based on your research and understanding, answer the following questions: Has the focus on disease prevention and health promotion shifted from infectious diseases to chronic diseases? Why or why not? Will a diversion in focus from infectious to chronic diseases leave the United States and other parts of the world at greater risk for pandemics or bioterrorism? Why or why not? How do risk factors and prevention strategies differ from infectious and chronic diseases? When thinking about chronic diseases, how do you perceive the purpose and utility of passive surveillance as an epidemiological tool? Explain with an example of a chronic disease surveillance system. Would you advocate the reporting of select chronic conditions? Why? Give reasons for your answer.Week 2 Group Project DiscussionDiscussion Topic Use this area to conduct your group discussions for the weekly Group Project. This area is only visible to your group and your instructor. Students in other groups cannot access this area.

Photosynthesis is a really cool process that was first used by the cyanobacteria.  These bacteria made oxygen available in the earth’s atmosphere millions of years ago and paved the way for the evolution of aerobic (oxygen-utilizing) organisms like us.  These early-photosynthetic organisms may have been engulfed by a non-photosynthetic single-celled organism to form the first plant-like eukaryotic organisms on the planet.  Plants are highly adapted organisms that use energy from the sun, carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and water in a series of chemical reactions (utilizing enzymes and electron carriers) to generate sugars.  These sugars are their food source.  It also makes many of them very tasty to us and other organisms.  From the sugars they produce, they can make everything else (nucleic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids) they need to survive, grow, and reproduce. For this reason, plants are called autotrophs.   Auto means self and trophy means nourishing. Animals, on the other hand, have developed along a very different evolutionary line.  We move, hunt down our food, and ingest it to gain our source of many amino acids, sugars, and fatty acids.  We have an elaborate nervous system to sense our environment and transmit this information to a central processing station, the brain, that enables us to react.  We have muscles to move and find food and we often need a lot of food to sustain our activity. We are very social and often engage in battles for the right to mate, be a part of the group, and/or eat.  I wonder if our behavior would change if we became photosynthetic and just hung around in the sun all day like a plant?  I surely hope that wouldn’t mean our brains would become obsolete!  Below are some questions to consider as you write your post: If we were photosynthetic, could sugar alone sustain us?  Hint:  Can you survive on sugar alone now? Would we still need to eat?  If so what and why? How long would we need to stand out in the sun to make enough sugar to provide for our energy needs? How could our epidermis which is made of dead skin cells packed with a protein called keratin be changed back into living cells to sustain the process of photosynthesis?  If not could the underlying living-skin cells be changed into photosynthetic cells? How would carbon dioxide be provided?  For us, carbon dioxide is a waste product of cellular respiration that we expel through the lungs.****Remember to focus your post on only one of the topics presented under the assignment details!****I just realized that the incredible hulk is green.  Maybe his color comes from photosynthesis! If photosynthesis could give me his strength, I might consider being turned green.  On the flip side, I hate insects and they might like to munch on me a bit too much if my skin becomes as tasty and nutrient-filled as the tissue of some plants!  Nevermind, I’ll keep my “omnivorous habits” and forgo the heat and the bugs!

A) Explain how geography, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiation help explain the diversity of living organisms. B) Explain how changes in development can explain the evolution of new life forms. Using the information you presented about geography, mass extinction, adaptive radiation, and embryonic development, from the previous two questions, explain how living organisms evolve.A) Explain what do phylogenies represent. B) If two species look similar, can you assume they are closely related? Explain why. C) Describe one practical application of studying phylogenies? When comparing birds and bats they both have wings, A) can we use the presence of wings as an indicator of phylogenetic relationship? Explain B) What do we call a trait like wings present in bats and birds (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain. Birds, bats, and humans all have a vertebral column. A) If you group birds, bats, and humans in one clade and leave out other apes and mammals, what type of group would they form (monophyletic, paraphyletic, polyphyletic)? Explain B) What do we call a trait like the presence of vertebral column within bats, birds, and humans (synapomorphy (shared derived trait), symplesiomorphy (shared ancestral trait), homoplasy)? Explain. C) What other organisms would you have to include in this clade in order to have a monophyletic group? A) Viruses can create mutations in bacteria, and in humans, some viruses are linked to cancer. Explain whether the lytic or the lysogenic cycles are more likely to have these side effects on the host. B) Why has it been so difficult to find a vaccine against HIV or a vaccine against all flu viruses?

The human body is a complex structure. Yet, despite its complexity, it consists of only four tissue types; epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Each has its own unique characteristics and function. During this week’s Discussion, you will focus on the epithelial and muscle tissues. Respond to the two topics below for this unit’s Discussion. Then, throughout the week, review your classmates’ posts and comment as appropriate on at least two other posts per the Discussion Guidelines below: Epithelial tissue is one of the four tissue types of the human body. Describe the various functions of epithelial tissue. In your post, describe the multiple morphologies (shapes) and structures of epithelial tissue. Provide an example of an organ in the human body that has epithelial tissue. What is the cause of acne vulgaris? If your teenage son had a case of acne vulgaris, what treatments would you recommend? There are three types of muscle tissues; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. What are the functions of each of these muscle types? What are the similarities and differences between the structure and function of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle? Provide examples of organs that contain smooth muscle, skeletal muscle, and cardiac muscle. A 65-year-old man went to the local emergency room complaining of tightness in his chest, shortness of breath, and heartburn. He is diagnosed with myocardial infarction. What are the causes of myocardial infarction? How does it affect heart tissue? Does the affected heart tissue recover? What is the long-term consequence? What lifestyle changes do you recommend to avoid a myocardial infarction

In this discussion, discuss government-mandated vaccines from a scientific perspective for a bioterrorism event:  Do the benefits outweigh the risks?  Have the side effects been well-documented for these novel vaccines?  What are the risks associated with vaccines approved via the FDA’s two animal rule?  Support your arguments with materials above and from outside sources. Focused on protecting a population from a bioterrorism event. APA format, in-text citation, 1 page, reference include

1. Read the following paper in detail: Monczak, A., Berry A., Kehrer C., Montie E.W. (2017). Long-term acoustic monitoring of fish calling provides baseline estimates of reproductive timelines in the May River estuary, southeastern USA. Marine Ecology Progress Series 581, 1-19. (FEATURE ARTICLE). 2. Write a one to two pages typed synopsis (single-spaced, 12-point font, times new roman, 1-inch margins) that answers the following questions: a. Why was the research done? What were the major objectives? b. How was it done? Explain the methods. c. What were the major findings? d. Why are the findings important? What are the future directions? Where is the research headed?