Biology

I. Please answer 2 questions. II. Write a short paper describing the differences between the body’s immune responses to bacterial vs. viral infections.( 1-2 pages) III. Write a paper in which you address the following: (It is done below and I need rewording for the similarity score to be< 30%)

Review the major aspects of how the human immune system functions. How is the proper functioning of this system of major importance to all other systems in the body? What kinds of things can go wrong with the immune function and how do these problems interfere with human life?

There are actually several categories of viruses. Antivirus software makers typically categorize viruses according to the way they spread from one computer to another, but other methods of categorization are also used. Go online and learn about the different categories of viruses. Pick ONE of the categories to describe and submit and give an example

Assignment 4.1: Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology Assignment 4.1: Urinary System Anatomy and Physiology   This assignment supports the following lesson objectives: USING THE TEMPLATE SUPPLIED BELOW (USE THIS TEMPLATE FOR CREDIT!! DOWNLOAD, FILL IT IN….SAVE IT….UPLOAD IT)   DO NOT SIMPLY COPY AND PASTE A BUNCH OF PHOTOS!!! YOU NEED TO TYPE YOUR OWN WORDS IN ADDITION TO ANY PICS! Identify the anatomical structures of the urinary system and their functions Describe the composition of urine Explain the physiology of the urinary system   Assignment Overview This presentation assignment explores the anatomy and physiology of the urinary system.   Deliverables ·       A five-slide PowerPoint presentation   Activity Details Perform the following tasks:   Step 1: Create a PowerPoint presentation Create a five-slide PowerPoint presentation that covers the following topics: o   Anatomy of the urinary system o   Path of urine formation o   Composition of urine   Conduct research as necessary and include images in your slides (cite your sources). Be concise. Put detailed notes in the notes section of each slide.   Step 2: Save and submit your assignment. When you have completed the assignment, save a copy for yourself in an easily accessible place and submit a copy to your instructor using the dropbox below. (click the + symbol in the “additional files” or drag and drop feature).   Week 4 Template (Urinary PowerPoint).ppt

Unit 5 DiscussionViral StrategiesImagine yourself to be a virus and you need to establish infection in an organ of your choice.Discuss the innate and adaptive immune responses, including the roles of neutrophils, monocyte, macrophages, antigen, antibody, and B and T-cell mediated responses, that you will need to overcome along with their attributes to establish the infections and the type of immunodeficiency you will be benefited by.Unit 6 DiscussionBacterial PathogensChoose any one of the bacterial pathogens and discuss its appearance, staining reaction, culture characteristics, disease caused and mechanism of disease.When responding to your classmates be sure to note similarities and differences between the bacterial pathogens both of you chose.  How do these influence virulence?Keep the discussions separate. They should be at least 100 words each.

Please answer only four (4) of the questions below as completely as possible.  Answers to the questions can be found in Introduction to Ocean Science 4th Edition, by Douglas Segar as the questions come from the Critical Thinking Questions in the text.  25 points each.   here is the link to the textbook  http://www.reefimages.com/oceansci.php  (Links to an external site.)  I expect that to answer each question completely, your answer should be between 100 and 200 words in length, but the choice is yours. A few words is not likely to provide a sufficient explanation.   You are sailing across the water into an almost regular swell that comes from directly ahead of you. Suddenly you notice that the same swell now appears to be coming at you from two slightly different directions at a small angle from each side of the boat’s bow and the wave pattern ahead looks confused compared to the smooth swell you were sailing on a few minutes before. What are you seeing, and why? Should you be concerned? Chapter 9 In the Hawaiian Islands the youngest island, Hawaii, is the biggest, has sandy beaches along the smallest fraction of its coastline, and has more black sand beaches than the other islands. Oahu, which is older than Hawaii, is smaller, has a greater fraction of its coastline occupied by beaches, and does not have black sand beaches. Kauai, which is older than both Oahu and Hawaii, is smaller than either of these other islands, has the largest fraction of its coastline occupied by beaches, and also does not have black sand beaches. Explain why this progression of island characteristics with age occurs. (These processes are described individually in several different chapters of this text.)  Chapter 11 If you measured the dissolved oxygen concentration carefully in the photic zone during a spring bloom of phytoplankton, describe how you would expect it to change over 24 h and why. Would the changes in concentration during the 24 h be different at different depths within the photic zone? If so, describe how and why.  Hint:  First list and explain the important factors that control diurnal variations and then explain the result of these processes. Chapter 12 Is it likely that a global climate change in which the Earth’s atmosphere warms by several degrees will alter the frequency or intensity of dinoflagellate blooms? Why? Is it likely that the frequency and geographic extent of periodic anoxia in coastal waters will change? If so, how and why? Chapter 13 The temperature and salinity of the abyssopelagic environment vary little with latitude or from ocean to ocean. This environment is also uniformly dark and the pressure uniformly high. Does this mean that, if we were able to sample every species in a cubic kilometer of deep-ocean water, we could be certain that we had sampled a large majority of all abyssopelagic species that exist in the oceans? Why or why not?  Chapter 15 Coral reefs and kelp forests both have high species diversity compared to some other ocean ecosystems. What are the possible reasons for this high diversity?  Chapter 15 Describe the principal sources of petroleum contamination in the oceans. Discuss what would probably cause more pollution of the oceans: production of oil from drilling platforms in U.S. coastal waters and transport of the oil ashore in seafloor pipelines, or purchase of oil from foreign suppliers and transport to the United States in oil tankers.  Chapter 16

Prepare a detailed report on the topic you choose, including these elements:1. Describe the background and basic issue of your chosen topic.2. Describe the basic argument of opposing viewpoints.3. Identify the strengths and weaknesses of both views.4. Choose which view you agree with (only in the conclusion).5. Explain why you agree with that view.Incorporate the information you learned about your chosen topic from this course,but don’t limit your discussion to the textbook and study guide. Take advantage ofexternal resources to provide an in-depth, comprehensive report.This assignment is designed to help you apply what you’ve learned from yourlessons by researching and writing about a controversial topic you’ve studied andto give you an opportunity to demonstrate your written communication, research,and critical thinking skills.Writing Guidelines1. Type your submission, double-spaced, in a Times New Roman font, size 12.Use a standard document format with 1-inch margins. (Don’t use any fancy orcursive fonts.)2. Read the assignment carefully, and address the topic suggested.3. Be specific. Limit your submission to the topic suggested.4. Use proper APA formatting. Include in-text citations and a reference page inAPA style. On this page, list websites, journals, and all other references usedin preparing the submission. Also, include a cover page and in-text citations.

Criteria for paper as follows: 1)  Description of the pathology of appendicitis 2)  Normal anatomy of the major body system affected in appendicitis 3)  Normal physiology of body system affected by appendicitis 4)  Mechanism of the pathophysiology of appendicitis 5)  Prevention of appendicitis 6)  Treatment of appendicitis  APA format references page at the end of the paper.  In-text citations should be included when appropriate. Reputable resources include peer-reviewed journal articles, textbooks, interviews with clinicians who deal with these pathologies , personal experiences, class lectures, and other scientific sources.

Making fashion transparent – Assessing Fashion Transparency Index scores The journeys made by our clothes remain largely unseen. They may have started life in a field and then travelled across a vast network, in many countries, through the hands of hundreds of workers, working for dozens of different companies, before reaching our wardrobes. (Fashion Transparency Index – FTI 2020, p.3) Fashion supply chains are long and complex. The vast majority of today’s fashion brands do not own their manufacturing facilities, making it seem difficult to monitor or control working conditions throughout the supply chain. It can also be a convenient excuse for brands to evade responsibility for how their products are made. Some brands may work with thousands of factories at any given time – and that is just the facilities that cut, sew and assemble our garments. There are also facilities down the chain that dye, weave and finish materials and farms that grow fibres too. During the manufacturing process clothes are touched by a great many pairs of hands before they reach the rails or shelves of the shop floor. A brand might place an order with one supplier, who carves up the order and sub-contracts the work to other factories. This happens regularly across the industry and presents a great challenge for brands themselves as well as the people working in the supply chain who become invisible in this process. The complexity and fragmentation of the fashion supply chain was brought into question after the Rana Plaza factory collapse in Bangladesh (2013), which killed 1134 workers garment workers. Famous major fashion brands could not determine whether they were sourcing from that particular factory despite their clothing labels being found in the rubble. However, brands dismissed tragedy allegations, transferring responsibility to their contractors. Moreover, brands claim that they did not track their supply chains meaning that they are not responsible for their supplier actions, alongside with their effects. Tragedies like Rana Plaza are eminently preventable, but will continue to happen until brands, and every other stakeholder in the fashion supply chain, takes responsibility for their actions and impacts. It is impossible for brands to make sure human rights are respected and that environmental practices are sound without knowing where their products are made, who is making them and under what conditions. Therefore, supply chain transparency is the first step towards making necessary change in the sustainable apparel production system. “Transparency encourages scrutiny, vigilance and accountability. It’s like opening one’s front door and allowing others to look inside; not yet the full picture, but an important step towards openness and public disclosure. And of course, the more doors are open, the more the picture becomes clearer, the better we can understand and ameliorate supply chain workers’ lives and the environment.” (FTI 2020, p.3). Fashion Transparency Index 2020 data   (Links to an external site.) The Fashion Transparency Index, published by non-profit organization Fashion Revolution  (Links to an external site.)  reports and ranks about 250 fashion brands’ business information within five key sustainability areas: policy and commitment; governance; traceability; know, show, fix; spotlight issues. Five areas defined by are Index are following:  Policy and commitment (provides answers to the following questions: What are the brand’s social and environmental policies? How is the brand putting its policies into practice? How does the brand decide which issues to prioritise? What are the brand’s future goals for improving its impacts? ). Governance: (provides answers to the following questions: Who in the brand is responsible for the brand’s social and environmental impacts? How can they be contacted? How does the brand incorporate human rights and environmental issues into its buying and sourcing practices? ).Traceability (provides answers to the following questions: Does the brand publish a list of its suppliers, from manufacturing to raw material level? If so, how much detail do they share? ). Know, show, fix (provides answers to the following questions: How does the brand assess the implementation of its supplier policies? How does the brand fix problems when found in its supplier facilities? Does the brand report assessment findings? How can workers report grievances?). Spotlight issues (provides answers to the following questions: What is the brand doing to ensure workers are being paid a living wage? What is the brand doing to support workers’ Freedom of Association? What is the brand doing to reduce consumption of resources?). In this case study, students are to select one brand from FTI 2020 and conduct an analysis of index scores within five key sustainability areas listed above (Policy and commitment, governance, traceability, know, show, fix and spotlight issues).  Using ratings and FTI 2020 full material  (Links to an external site.) , students should attempt to provide answers on the following questions: To compare the scores in the table and identify the strongest and the weakest areas for the selected brand. Based on their understanding of sustainability issues, the student should address what area(s) selected brand needs to improve in order to become more transparent and socially responsible. Provide recommendations as to how a particular brand might improve its transparency score. Students are to describe why transparency is a prerequisite for sustainable and responsible business communication. Students are required to provide 1-page case study summary that should reflect the evaluation of the problem (For the selected brand here you are expected to summarize scores in each area as provided by Index, and evaluate overall transparency score), and 1 page (single space) answer for each of the additional questions (as we have 4 questions to answer you are expected to provide 4 pages evaluation). At minimum, you need to created project on 5 pages (1-page summary and 4 pages to answer questions). Please provide concise and brand-specific answers, using the information provided in FTI 2020 material. Your answers should be clear, thorough, and carefully written.  References: You may support your research by researching the official brand website where you can find extra information. Also, you may research the brand official sustainability report which can be again found on a corporate website.  Iva Jestratijevic, Nancy A. Rudd & James Uanhoro (2020): Transparency of sustainability disclosures among luxury and mass-market fashion brands, Journal of Global Fashion Marketing, DOI: 10.1080/20932685.2019.1708774

For your Mid-Term Project (Body System Pathology Out-line) – this is just an example from my anatomy class – the structure will be the same only you will pick a specific microbe or virus and outline how it effects the body system -ie.. Covid -19 1. Name the body system of your choice; cardiovascular, blood, endocrine …… 2. Explain the normal anatomical / physiological processes. Example :  Insulin what it is and how it works 3. Explain your pathology – example (diabetes and insulin and how it disrupts – blood sugar control 4. Care – how this pathology or disease is treated This is just an outline so stay in out line form – example 1. The cardiovascular system a. the heart b. the blood vessels c. the blood 2. The cardiovascular system a. The Heart – cardiac muscle composed of 3 layers that works as a pump and moves fluid through the blood vessels b. The Blood Vessels – a series of pressurized tubes that also have 3 main layers that carries oxygenated and deoxy- blood to and away from the heart  ECT………… This is just an out-line ; dont make it more complicated than it is! Thank you!