Biology

The effect of quantum physics on biology on a cellular level

Write a report that covers the following parts: Background – what is the topic? Describe it. Relavence – how does this topic relate to something we learned in class? Importance – why should we care about this topic?

Lab #6: DNA Extraction You are going to use two online resources to extract DNA. One will be a virtual lab and one you will do in your own kitchen following the directions. Use the worksheet in the assignment resources to complete the lab write-up for the Part 2. Resources:  Virtual DNA Extraction How to Extract DNA from Anything Living!  Part 1: Virtual DNA Extraction Go to the above website and follow the instructions. Answer the questions below. Note: This part does not need to be in a “lab write-up format.” What are some reasons we extract DNA? Where is DNA found in the cell? What type of cells were collected from the test subject? What are the four steps of DNA purification? Explain what the ingredients in the lysis solution do.  What is the end result of the DNA extraction? Part 2: How to Extract DNA From Anything Living! (this part needs to follow the lab write-up format) Problem: What is the appearance of DNA when it is isolated from the rest of the cell? Hypothesis: write in an if…then…format Materials: list the materials you used Method: briefly summarize the steps you took in the lab Note: Place isopropyl alcohol into the freezer…it should work better! Results: (Make a sketch of the test tube with labels for each layer.) Discussion/Analysis: Why did we need to use the liquid soap? (hint: what does the soap do to the cell membranes?) Why did we add enzymes to the solution?  Try at least on other experiment with DNA extraction. What did you change? What was the result? DNA can be isolated from any cell in a manner similar to this. What could extracted DNA be used for? The DNA of all organisms contains the same four bases – adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. What might this similarity indicate about the origins of life on Earth?  Conclusion: Answer the problem question.

What risk are associated with high cholesterol intake? The RDA for protein intake is 0.8 grams per 1 kilogram (kg) of body weight. Calculate body weight in kilograms then multiply that by 0.8 to obtain the recommended grams of protein Body weight is 160.

Developmental Observation Project Guidelines for Projects: All projects must be typed unless otherwise noted by the instructor.  Correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be used.  Grammar will be considered when grading.  Projects should be neat and professionally presented.  Projects will be graded on completeness, thoroughness, and thoughtfulness. Developmental Observation Project: Objective:  To observe the development of young children birth through age 5. This project will consist of an extensive observation of 3 children: an infant, a toddler, and a preschooler.   Part I: For each of the 3 children, you will describe their development in the physical, cognitive, and social-emotional domains.  The textbooks should be used as a guide for specific aspects to observe.  For instance, when observing an infant, you might describe the physical characteristics of the child including height, weight, body control as well as small motor control.  You may also talk to the parents and ask them questions about development to include in your report.  You should have at least one page for each developmental domain.  The descriptions should be comprehensive and detailed.    Part II: Choose one theory of development discussed in the beginning of class.  For each child, write a page summary about each child’s development in terms of the theory.    For instance, according to Piaget, at what stage of development would the child be?  What led you to this conclusion?  What aspect about the child’s behaviors made this evident?  Provide examples.    The project will be evaluated on the following: Neatness, Inclusion of all aspects of each developmental domain included in the textbook, Comprehensiveness

7. Defend or refute this statement “Stem cell biotechnologically has the potential to produce revolutionary therapies for the treatment of some human diseases”. (Clearly explain biotechnological concepts and techniques, inclusive of legal and ethical constraints)

Part 1: You will be researching the development of the human fetus through its 9 month development process. Please use this website for your project: http://www.ehd.org/science_main.php?level=all&fn=on. The website gives information about development of structures and organ systems. When using the site it is recommended that you un-select all systems, then select ONLY the systems you need for that particular question. Any problems, ask! Please be sure your answers are in complete sentences. 1. HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) is the “pregnancy hormone” detected in pregnancy tests. How early can this be detected in a mother’s urine? 2. When do the first organ systems (neural and cardiovascular) begin to develop? Why do you think these develop first? 3. What are the main events happening during weeks 3-5? Do most women know they are pregnant at this stage, and do you think that the events occurring during this period might be sensitive to substances such as alcohol? 4. When does the palate close? 5. When does the heart complete development? 6. What is surfactant and when does it begin to be produced? 7. The default gender is female. As we know, genes on the Y chromosome produce testosterone, which lead the embryo down the path to being male. When does testosterone begin to be produced? 8. What is the first hormone produced in the body of the fetus and when does it begin to be secreted? 9. When does urine begin to be produced? 10. At what point do females have the maximum number of oogonia? Part 2: You will be researching a birth defect that is known to be either genetic in nature or to be caused by exposure to an outside agent. The defect you will research will be randomly assigned to you by the instructor. My birth defect is Neurofibromatosis. Your job will be to answer the following questions about your birth defect. Please write this portion of the project in ESSAY FORM (not just answering the questions). It is not required that you use the same website used in Part 1 for Part 2; please give references for Part 2. • What organ system(s) does your birth defect affect? When are these system(s) developing (what part of what month)? • If known, what is the cause of this birth defect? What are the symptoms? What, if anything, can be done to treat this defect? • If caused by a toxic agent, would it be safe to be exposed to your outside agent at times other than when your target organs are developing? Why or why not? If genetic, what is the specific genetic cause or chromosomal abnormality?

Describe how the Hershey-Chase experiment demonstrated that DNA is the genetic material, not protein as previously thought. Explain how they used radioactive isotopes and bacteriophages in their experiment and summarize their conclusions. Distinguish between inducible operons and repressible operons and explain how they work. Describe the three types of prokaryotic genetic recombination (conjugation, transformation, and transduction). Explain how recombination might interfere with the metabolic functions of operons, such as the lac operon or trp operon of E. coli.

Attached are previously written papers on this subject you can review Based on what you have learned and the article “The 50 Greatest Breakthroughs Since the Wheel” that you read earlier, answer the following question:   What importance does the topic of your news story and the question that you developed have to you and to society as a whole?   Article: “The 50 Greatest Breakthroughs Since the Wheel” https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2013/11/innovations-list/309536/#list   My Subject Article: https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/06/200611094156.htm   My Question: Which of the brain’s neurological markers determine if there are any hereditary indicators leading to Alzheimer’s disease?   Critical Elements: Importance to them Explains the importance of the topic of their news story and the question that was developed in Project 2 has to them Importance to Society Explains the importance of the topic of their news story and the question that was developed in Project 2 has to society as a whole Communicates Clearly Clearly communicates key ideas and thoughts in a short-answer response

^The Assignment topic above, not the paper’s title. Instructions below -2 peer reviewed journal articles (Articles don’t need to be abut species and the trait, can include articles on other species in the genus or family or other species that have a similar trait) -TITLE: should be a research question -INTRO: Strong case for why the hypothesis should be tested, evidence from natural history information and published research will help the reader to understand the significant of your hypothesis. 1. a description of a trait of your species (Grapsus Grapsus) that you think could be an adaptation. Be sure to address the variation in the trait 2. Any natural history information that is relevant to the trait you have chosen (i.e. where does it live, what other species does it interact with, what does it eat and how does it feed) – why does this hypothesized adaptation make sense, given its natural history and ecology 3.What is known? Include the results from at least one experiment or observational study that relates to your hypothesis. These results must be reported in a peer reviewed journal article 4. What is not known? Include explanation of what is still unknown, or some aspect of the research you cite that could be improved. 5. A clear hypothesis stating how this trait may be an adaptation. The hypothesis you propose should build on what is not known about your species and/or trait. METHODS: Must write the experimental design in your own words and cite the article,1. State your independent variable and describe how you will manipulate or control it. 2. Identify any controls you may need to include in your experiment to ensure that your experiment tests your hypothesis 3. State your dependent variable and describe how you will measure it PREDICTIONS: State all possible results of your experiment, do NOT use this section to state what you expect will happen, nor provide any explanations for the results. 1. state null hypothesis 2.identify possible results of your experiment that would not reject the null hypothesis 3. identify possible results of your experiment that would reject the null hypothesis DISCUSSION: This is where you draw conclusions of your potential results and explore the implications of your experiment. Support the ideas in your discussion by citing at least one peer reviewed journal article. 1. What does it mean if the results of your experiment reject your null hypothesis? Explain the relationship between trait and fitness 2. What does it mean if the results of your experiment do not reject your null hypothesis? Why else might your species have this trait? LITERATURE CITED: 1. Your literature cited section should include every source you cite 2. CSE style 3. Must cite at least two peer reviewed journal articles 4. DO NOT SITE WEBSITES 5. DO NOT USE QUOTATIONS ANYWHERE IN YOUR PROPOSAL.