Biology

TOPIC You have to pick an environmental issue that a community, city or province is presently facing in Canada. The issue may be of national significance but it should be discussed from a provincial, city or local community perspective. This is to ensure that you do not pick up a topic that is too broad in scope (I am looking for brevity and depth rather than a high-level overview). Given that environmental issues are often related to multiple other dimensions, e.g., social, economic, political (governance), and ethical, you have to set the context by highlighting all those aspects (as applicable). In addition, while making recommendations on how to tackle the issue, please limit the number of recommendations to your top two recommendations (you may make only one recommendation if you like) but do provide rationale for your recommendations. SUGGESTED STRUCTURE 1. The issue (including potential impacts): what is at stake? Why should we care? 2. Underlying causes: What is/are causing this issue? Provide brief historical overview if relevant. 3. Actions (past/present/future): What has been done to address the issue so far? What can we do now? What are some of the short- and long-term priorities? This about all relevant stakeholders including government, businesses, NGOs, community groups, individuals… 4. Challenges: What are the key challenges to addressing this issue (why is it difficult to solve)? 5. Recommendations: What are your top recommendations (provide justifications)? FORMAT The essay will have a length of no more than 1600 words excluding references. Use 12-point Times Roman font throughout with a line spacing of 1.15. Use a consistent style for layout and citations. Submit the document in MS Word format (do not send a document in PDF or any other format). Provide “in-text” citations; this means mentioning the source whenever you use facts and figures from a published source next to where you quote the information in the document. Also list all quoted sources at the end of the document in the “Reference” section. Do not mention any source not used in your paper (I want you to add a reference, not a bibliography). Use any of the common citation styles consistently (e.g., Chicago, APA, MLA etc.). IMPORTANT Please do not copy and paste sections from existing articles or reports. I expect you to do a thorough research, think about the issue critically, and then write up the report in your own words.

Assignment 2 Endocrine and Cardiovascular Systems Ms. J.S., a 52 yo white female with two children (16 and 14 yo) presents with history of fatigue, weight gain and muscle weakness over past two years. She initially thought it was caused by work stress and busy family life but has also noticed that she bruises more easily than in the past. She also noted purple lines (stretch marks) that you identified as striae. All of the above symptoms have been getting worse. Blood pressure is 170/110, respirations 12/min and some ankle edema (non-pitting) was noted. The limbs seem relatively thin and the trunk thickened, especially between the upper shoulder blades. Diagnosis was made of Cushing disease/syndrome. How could you differentiate between the two? Elevated levels of cortisol has two effects of plasma leading to increased volume: 1) up-regulation of receptors for aldosterone and 2) an increased effectiveness of ADH (either by centrally increasing ADH release or peripherally by increasing the cellular responsiveness). 1). What effects would these two changes (increased responsiveness to aldosterone and ADH) have on Na+, K+ and water levels in the plasma? (Endocrine Mod 3: MO2, MO3, CO2, CO3, CO4) 2). Where does cortisol secretion occur, and thus is a potential site of an over-secreting tumor? How else could someone develop Cushing syndrome if not by a tumor in that area? (Endocrine Mod 3: MO1, MO2, MO3, CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) 3). What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome in the United States? (Endocrine Mod 3: MO1, MO2, MO3, CO1, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) A. Adrenal tumors C. Infections B. Pituitary tumors D. Glucocorticoids prescribed by healthcare worker Mr. M.S., an overweight, 55 yo white male presents to your clinic with chest pains. He has a history of hypertension, alcohol use and does not restrict his diet. He is currently taking nitroglycerin tablets as needed for angina. This pain is worse and is not controlled by nitroglycerin. The pain is radiating down his left arm. The pain in the chest feels like pressure or heartburn. You hear inspiratory rales, consistent with pulmonary edema. His blood pressure is 100/75. He begins to have difficulty breathing, especially when lying down. EKG and serum enzymes suggest a left ventricular wall myocardial infarction. Cardiac catheterization reveals a pulmonary wedge pressure of 30 mm Hg (normal, 5 mm Hg) and two-dimensional echocardiography measured an ejection fraction of 0.35 (normal, 0.55). In the Coronary ICU, he was treated with thrombolytic agents (tPA), digitalis (a positive inotropic agent) and furosemide (Lasix, a loop diuretic) 4). What measures above helped you determine that the stroke volume (considering the measures that factor into it) was reduced? (Cardiovascular Alterations Mod 5: MO7, MO9, MO10, MO12, MO17, CO2, CO3, CO4, CO5) 5). Describe the mechanism of how digitalis (AKA Oubain) works at a molecular level to increase contractility (positive inotrope)? Discuss the ion gradients, how they were created/maintained for a cell at resting membrane potential and the effects of this drug that lead to its action (rise in what ion and where) on muscle contraction. (Cardiovascular Structure and Function Mod4: MO2, MO6, MO7, MO9, MO11, CO1, CO2, CO3) 6). Statins are commonly used to treat cardiovascular disease. Describe their effect and the mechanism of how that effect is brought about. Explain if men and women with similar cholesterol profiles are at similar risk for cardiovascular disease (i.e. are they equally predictive of cardiovascular risk for men and women). Supply a link to an article that supports your assertion and in a sentence or two, describe the “take home point(s)” of the article (Cardiovascular Structure and Function Mod 5: MO1, MO5, MO7, MO8, MO9 CO1, CO2, CO3) 7). Supply one link/web address/citation to an article (different from above article) that describes differences in either gender or race in the treatment or assessment of risk for cardiovascular disease and a statement of how that information will affect your assessment/treatment of patients in practice.

For the New Drug Design (1-1 ½ pg), you must provide the following information with justification and rationale: Name of drug, cellular target (what specific structure or pathways does it target), how does it work (explain the molecular mechanism of action), how will it be administered (is it injected or oral), for how long, at what dose, how will you make the public aware of this new drug, how will you get it to the patients that need it, what is the cost, all the while keeping in mind that it must have low toxicity to the patient. Include a discussion of how you would determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Therapuetic Index (TI).   What possible side effects or allergies do you imagine your drug having on the patient?  You must list at least 3 possible side effects to patients and why they would occur. For the New Chemical/Disinfectant Research (1-1 ½ pg), you must provide the following information with justification and rationale: Name of chemical, against what molecular part of the pathogen will you design your chemical against, how will it work (explain the molecular mechanism of action), how will it be used (as a sterilant, disinfectant, antiseptic), what concentration, general application of chemical (used in hospitals, homes, workplace etc), how will you make the public aware of this new chemical, how will you make this chemical accessible to the general public, what is the cost, all the while keeping in mind that it must have little or no side effects to humans.  Do you need special precautions to safely store it? Also include a brief summary of how chemicals work and why they are effective against inhibiting microbes. i am doing the assignment on a helminth called ancylostoma duodenale that penetrates the skin of humans. you cant target the cell membrane or ribosomes in humans and must find a unique pathway that is effective and not toxic to humans. for the chemical/disinefctant and antibiotic it must be brand new but can go basedon existing one but explain how is yours different.

Please provide a synopsis of the attached Fed Chairman’s January 30th 2019  September 18th 2019 January 29th 2020 Sept 19 2020  Please provide an overall summary of the Federal Reserve’s Chair Press Conferences Include in your analysis “The COVID-19 pandemic is causing tremendous human and economic hardship across the United States and around the world. Economic activity and employment have picked up in recent months but remain well below their levels at the beginning of the year. Weaker demand and significantly lower oil prices are holding down consumer price inflation. Overall financial conditions have improved in recent months, in part reflecting policy measures to support the economy and the flow of credit to U.S. households and businesses. ” & also “My colleagues and I have one overarching goal: to sustain the economic expansion, with a strong job market and stable prices, for the benefit of the American people. ”  How is this central objective achieved.  What was the FOMC’s decision in each case.  What is the state of employment and inflation in the US economy.  What was the FOMC’s most recent decision. How similar and how different was the press conference of the Fed chairperson after the meeting? Elaborate on at least four subject matters that he presented. Elaborate on at least three pertinent questions that the press asked. Elaborate on the FOMC’s role in setting and implementing monetary policy. Explain the mechanism of a rate cut by the FOMC and its impact, if any, in the US economy. How is the federal reserve trying to effect the financial markets and the economy as a whole? What was its policy prior and what is it after the 2020 pandemic? FOMCpresconf20190130 FED.pdf   https://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/fomcpresconf20190619.htm https://www.federalreserve.gov/mediacenter/files/FOMCpresconf20190918.pdf https://www.federalreserve.gov/newsevents/pressreleases/monetary20190918a.htm Quality of Assignment Content — Levels of Achievement: Quality of assignment content  Unacceptable  0 (0.00%) points Submission does not display an understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Minimal 0.42 (42.00%) points Submission demonstrates a minimal understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Competent 0.49 (49.00%) points Submission demonstrates some understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Effective 0.595 (59.50%) points Submission demonstrates a general understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Master 0.7 (70.00%) points Submission demonstrates a full understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Mechanics and Readability of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Mechanics and Readability of assignment Unacceptable  0 (0.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in all literacy standards. Assignment is not understandable to the reader. Frequent errors in spelling and capitalization: profound and/or inaccurate punctuation which render the submission unreadable. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in most literacy standards. Assignment is unclear and not understandable to the reader. Contains many and serious intrusive errors of punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization which partially inhibit readability. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in some areas of literacy standards. Assignment is partially clear and understandable to the reader. Contains several punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization errors, but does not inhibit readability. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of most criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is mostly clear and understandable to the reader. Contains only occasional punctuation, spelling, and /or capitalization errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of all criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is clearly understandable to the reader. Free of punctuation, spelling, and capitalization errors. Structure and Organization/ Format/ Presentation of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Structure And Organization/ format/ presentation of assignment Unacceptable  0 (0.00%) points Submission is not appropriate for assignment. Does not follow directions as indicated by instructor. References and citations are not included if requested. Thoughts are not expressed in a logical manner. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Submission follows minimal directions and is missing many components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are not included and/or properly cited. Errors in format several interfere with meaning, formatting weak. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Submission does not follow all directions and is missing some components indicated in the instructions. If requested, some references are included and partially cited properly. Several errors in formatting, or format is inconsistent. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Submission follows directions and includes most components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and mostly cited properly. Few formatting errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Submission follows direction and includes all components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Appropriate format and presentation for assignment. Quality of Assignment Content — Levels of Achievement: Unacceptable 0 (0.00%) points Submission does not display an understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Minimal 0.42 (42.00%) points Submission demonstrates a minimal understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Competent 0.49 (49.00%) points Submission demonstrates some understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Effective 0.595 (59.50%) points Submission demonstrates a general understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Master 0.7 (70.00%) points Submission demonstrates a full understanding of the associated learning objectives presented in the assignment. Mechanics and Readability of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Unacceptable 0 (0.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in all literacy standards. Assignment is not understandable to the reader. Frequent errors in spelling and capitalization: profound and/or inaccurate punctuation which render the submission unreadable. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in most literacy standards. Assignment is unclear and not understandable to the reader. Contains many and serious intrusive errors of punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization which partially inhibit readability. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Writing is unclear and/or disorganized in some areas of literacy standards. Assignment is partially clear and understandable to the reader. Contains several punctuation, spelling, and/or capitalization errors, but does not inhibit readability. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of most criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is mostly clear and understandable to the reader. Contains only occasional punctuation, spelling, and /or capitalization errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Writing demonstrates mastery of all criteria for high academic literacy standards. Assignment is clearly understandable to the reader. Free of punctuation, spelling, and capitalization errors. Structure and Organization/ Format/ Presentation of Assignment — Levels of Achievement: Unacceptable 0 (0.00%) points Submission is not appropriate for assignment. Does not follow directions as indicated by instructor. References and citations are not included if requested. Thoughts are not expressed in a logical manner. Minimal 0.09 (9.00%) points Submission follows minimal directions and is missing many components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are not included and/or properly cited. Errors in format several interfere with meaning, formatting weak. Competent 0.105 (10.50%) points Submission does not follow all directions and is missing some components indicated in the instructions. If requested, some references are included and partially cited properly. Several errors in formatting, or format is inconsistent. Effective 0.1275 (12.75%) points Submission follows directions and includes most components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and mostly cited properly. Few formatting errors. Master 0.15 (15.00%) points Submission follows direction and includes all components indicated in the instructions. If requested, references are included and properly cited. Appropriate format and presentation for assignment.Levels of Achievement:

Your video reflection is a write-up that discusses what you learned and your general thoughts on the video(s). It should be approximately 600 – 800 words, written using full sentences and paragraphs. The reflection should include information related to the bullet points below, however do not just list answers to those questions, the reflection should flow like a paper not a list of answers. What you learned that you found interesting and why you thought that topic was interesting? How the topic of the video(s) relate to what we are discussing in class and to society as a whole? Your general opinion on the video itself. Did you enjoy it or dislike it? Why? If more than one video is assigned, compare and contrast the videos. Why do you think they shown together? How did the information in one affect the information learned in the other?   The video below discusses Nobel prize winning work on telomeres, telomerase, and what makes our bodies age. DO IT BASED ON THIS VIDEO ! https://www.ted.com/talks/elizabeth_blackburn_the_science_of_cells_that_never_get_old

Topic: Diagnostic Immunology What to focus: What are polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies? Precipitation reactions, Agglutination reactions (Direct & indirect Tests), Neutralization reactions, Complement fixation reactions, Fluorescent antibody techniques, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA).

Discussion 10 – Controversy 10: Ergogenic Aids: Breakthroughs, Gimmicks, or Dangers? Using the information found at the end of Chapter 10 about the Controversy: Ergogenic Aids: Breakthroughs, Gimmicks, or Dangers? Read first the content in the book, supplement the reading with the power point that emphasizes the main points of the controversy. Then, write a 200-250 word response of the controversy. As the book reads, “Athletes can be sitting ducks for quacks. Many are willing to try almost anything that is sold with promises of producing a winning edge or improved appearance, so long as they perceive it to be safe. Stores (on site or Internet) advertise several products that offer better performance, more muscle mass, etc., and among these products the most common include; protein powders, caffeine pills, steroid replacers, amino acid supplements, etc. – we will start with the story (found in the book) of Paige and DJ, who are college roommates, and who had experienced the famous “freshman 15,” and now they are planning to start exercising to lose of some extra-weight, and at the same time, to look good. In this context, while preparing the response keep in mind the following: 1. To increase muscle performance, Paige decides to use Carnitine, and protein powders. Discuss why Paige’s use of carnitine and protein powders will not give her an advantage in terms of muscle performance as compared with DJ’s more adequate diet and regular exercise. 2. Question #1 focused on Paige, and DJ; who are not collegiate athletes, now, think in terms of those college students who are on collegiate athletic teams. Why are amino acid supplements not recommended for athletes? 3. With the idea to improve performance some athletes use anabolic steroids, but why might the use of anabolic steroids actually work against the athlete in terms of enhancing performance? 4. Another common practice for student’s athletes is to take antioxidant supplements, but why do athletes take antioxidant supplements, and what concerns do experts have about them? 5. Application: please share how you think you will be applying the concepts learned in this controversy in your life, and/or, in the life of people that are closer to you; or, maybe in your job.

In this assignment, you will focus on the impact of COVID-19 on the selected operation. You will critically discuss the operation’s response to the global pandemic and focus on, at least, one aspect of the operation’s design and/or planning and control. Respond to the follow comments and questions with the attached document. Operations Performance using academic models: discuss operations improvement after, and before COVID-19 pandemic. What tools (6 Sigma, Lean, ishikawa, FMEA,  perhaps) do you employ to help you make decisions? I.e. for Problem solving, continuous improvement. What kind of key performance indicators do you monitor and what tools do you use to report them? I.e. control charts, polar diagrams, etc…Can you provide a snapshot of your kpi dashboard? In terms of resources management, has Covid altered performance measurement within your organization? Operations Design and Planning and Control: Focus on:  at least one element of operation design and planning and control to explain how the company has adjusted its operation to deal with the implications of COVID-19 pandemic. The elements of operations planning and control may include inventory management, capacity and demand management, materials planning, Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), MRP, and supply chain management.  In light of your discussion of the operations strategy, critically assess the different design and planning and control elements of the selected operation. In light of the operational framework, how has the shift in productivity requirements help you modify the current operational design? Has Covid 19 warranted the implementation of a new design?

The Nobel Lecture Summary & Essay is a required Assignment, and is worth 6% of your final Lecture grade. The Final Draft is due Tuesday, November 3. Check the posted Nobel Lectures (/Course Materials).  Read a complete lecture.  Look up one or two key References, if necessary, to make sure you understand the key hypotheses and Results presented in that particular Nobel Lecture.  Summarize and review the lecture in a 3 – 4 page, single (or 1.15) spaced paper following the same general format as for a Term Paper (Title, Introduction, Individual Topics with subheaders, as appropriate (Note: if lecture chosen “rambles” without pauses or topic sentences, then your summary of same need not have topic headers), Discussion/Conclusions, References). Include some personal comments about how you responded to the author’s presentation (Was it clear? Was the importance of the work obvious? Did the work seem to progress well beyond key original findings that earned the Nobel Prize? Did you learn anything about the author’s way of thinking about and approaching problems?.

Extra Credit Assignment             1. List three reasons protein is needed by the body.   2. How often must individuals replenish themselves with protein. Why?   3. What happens to excessive amounts of protein?   4. Why can protein take the place of carbohydrates and fats?   5. Explain why carbohydrates and fats cannot take the place of protein.   6. The 6 best sources of protein for optimum health are:   7.  What are amino acids?   8.  There are how many essential amino acids that are necessary for good human health and nutrition?   9.  Why do we need to eat a variety of protein type foods?   10.  Insufficient protein in the diet may manifest itself in several ways. Name at least three: