Biology

Below are two statements about U.S. legal and constitutional history. For your final exam, write two essays addressing these statements. Please observe a 900-word limit on each essay; any words over that limit will not be considered in grading. The two essays will be of equal value in calculating your final score.A good essay will use the historical materials presented in this class in support of a well-defined argumentative position. You may agree, disagree or agree in part and disagree in part with the statement. In any case, be sure to take a clear stance on the issues. A well-written essay will begin with a strong statement of your thesis and will then continue with support for your claims derived from the facts, ideas and history that we have studied in the course.I will be happy to discuss your answers to these questions. However, I will not review sample answers.1. In the early 20th century, American judges enforced a version of legal liberalism that protected economic rights against political intervention. But when legislation limited political rights, civil rights or reproductive rights, the Supreme Court deferred to executive and legislative authority.By the mid-20th century, however, legal liberalism was no longer being used to protect economic rights and was instead re-conceptualized as a means of identifying political, civil and reproductive rights and protecting these rights against attacks by political authorities.Since the 1980s, Americans have generally been united in their commitment to a liberal understanding of the rule of law. Today, though, Americans increasingly battle politically regarding which rights citizens ought to enjoy. These battles pit those who want to protect economic rights and 20th century hierarchical power, against those whose priority is political, civil and reproductive rights for all. Only by protecting the mid-20th century changes in constitutional interpretation can the real meaning of the Constitution be preserved.2. The role of law in the lives of women in America was shaped by the doctrine of coverture and the legal characterization of the role of women as primarily wives and mothers. In the 1970s, feminist activists attempted to redefine the role of women in American society. The Congressional passage of the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972 and the Supreme Court’s decision in Roe v. Wade seemed to recast the role of women as full citizens, entitled to both political and economic equality. However, the backlash against this movement towards full equality soon limited the feminists’ victory. The legal system’s traditional commitment tocreating and supporting family as the basic social unit justifies imposing limits upon women’s autonomy.

BIO 299 Pathology/Microbial-Environmental Interactions PaperYou will pick a microorganism for your paper on pathology or microbe-environment interactions. The organism cannot be one of the ones your instructor goes over during lecture listed in the syllabus. Select a pathogen/microbe from current events that is an emerging or reemerging concern to you or people in your area. Provide local epidemiological data/statistics for the organism.Note this cannot be covid-19, Ebola, flu, clostridium botulinum, Hepatitis C, Anthrax, MRSA. These has been discussed already. Choose something in Africa or the US.Your paper must include:Introduction to the organism (structure, cell type, morphology, metabolic requirements, natural reservoir, history, etc.)Introduction to the disease(s) caused by the organism (epidemiology, signs, symptoms, etc.) OR introduction to the environmental impact of the organismList and describe factors employed by the organism to assist in its growth, reproduction, culture conditions, host/pathogen interactions and/or virulence. (e.g., nitrogen fixation, symbiotic interactions etc.) Categorize virulence factors by mechanisms of action (Immunity Avoidance, Tissue/Cell Lysis, Colonization/Spread)Discussion of treatment/prevention options for the disease(s) caused by the organism (Antibiotics or other chemotherapeutics given as part of treatment and their mechanisms of action, Vaccines available and type)The paper should be a minimum of 5 pages of relevant and informative material that covers all of the content and requirements listed below and in the rubric. The 5 pages does not include the title and reference pages. The paper should thoroughly inform the reader.

For this assignment, we will be using the 2019 report entitled “Great Barrier Reef Outlook Report” a 300+ page detailed look at one of the world’s most amazing features. The report can be downloaded HEREActions or you can link directly to their website HERE (Links to an external site.). Also look for the 20 page brief.Reading and understanding this in its entirety exceeds any reasonable expectation that I have for you. As a result, for this assignment, in 1-2 pages summarize a SINGLE aspect of this report. This could be at a chapter level or a sub chapter level. It should be your own words and does not require outside sources unless you believe they are necessary. In the heading of your post, clearly label what section(s) you are address including the section number and page number of the entire report (not the brief).Hopefully you will take the time to find a section that interests you. If you are working in tandem with another person, please choose separate sections.Once you post your results, you’ll be able to see what your classmates have also found.

Choose and answer one (1) question from below. Clearly indicate the number of the question you are answering. If the wrong number is indicated, points could be deducted. If more than one question is answered, only the first one will be graded. Be careful about providing citation(s) where asked. Use your own words. (30 pts.)Explain what an extinction vortex is. List and explain all the potential factors contributing to the phenomenon. What type of population is the most vulnerable to an extinction vortex and what conservation methods can potentially mitigate it?.Explain how does resource partitioning (niche partitioning) contribute to the structuring of a community. Describe one example from a peer-reviewed study demonstrating this phenomenon. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.Explain the differences between species richness and species evenness of a community. How is each value quantified? Describe one example from a peer- reviewed study using one or both of these values in studying a community. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.Answer the following.B1. Do you consider soil as non-living or living entity? Justify your answer.

Abstract on ‘Conservation Research’. Deadline April 30th.Study the contents of all posters in the Ecology Building to complete this abstract of 300 words. Write in your own language. No plagiarism will be permitted.Please remember that the objective of the entire research is to keep the Humans and Soil Healthy.Best abstract will get maximum 60 points.Abstract should have title (Conservation Research), your name, problem, objective of the research, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. Do not write any references from the poster.

Choose and answer one (1) question from below. Clearly indicate the number of the question you are answering. If the wrong number is indicated, points could be deducted. If more than one question is answered, only the first one will be graded. Be careful about providing citation(s) where asked. Use your own words. 30 points10.List and explain the different components of trophic efficiency. What are the factors affecting each component? Provide explanation for each factor..List and explain the major drivers of decline in biodiversity. Give an example of each driver.12.Explain what edge effect is and its potential effects on both abiotic and biotic factors. Describe one example from a peer-reviewed study. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.

Post a ResponseWatch the video, The Science of Evolution, and address the following:Describe two things that you learned about DNA from the video.Tell what you found most surprising or interesting from the video and explain why.

A company called Nastech was involved in developing intranasal formulations of drugs to treat a variety of different diseases. Dr Steven Quay was a founder of Nastech; he (and his colleagues, including Dr Alexis Leonard) filed several patent applications covering his inventions; some of these patents were subsequently licensed or acquired by other companies. One of these patent applications was for intranasal formulations of carbetocin (an oxytocin analog), for possible treatment of autism and other conditions.Question 1:What is the patent number of the US granted patent described above?Answer 1:Question 2:What is the number of the corresponding US published applicationAnswer 2:Question 3:Compare the claims in the granted patent vs. the published application. What is/are the major difference(s) between the claims in these two documents? (one or two sentences; hint: focus on Claim 1)Answer 3:Question 4:What is one key piece of translational research data presented in the patent documents that supports the claims? (one or two sentences; hint: do any of the “Examples” contain translational research data?)Answer 4:

Choose and answer one (1) question from below. Clearly indicate the number of the question you are answering. If the wrong number is indicated, points could be deducted. If more than one question is answered, only the first one will be graded. Use your own words. 10 pointsExplain how does the color of the vegetation or surface of an area affect its climate.Explain the similarities and differences between a parasite and a parasitoid.Explain why female tends to be the choosier sex in intersexual selection. Whatqualities or behavior would likely afford a male to be choosier in intersexual selection?Essay question 1. Choose and answer one (1) question from below. Clearly indicate the number of the question you are answering. If the wrong number is indicated, points could be deducted. If more than one question is answered, only the first one will be graded. Be careful about providing citation(s) where asked. Use your own words. 30 points10.List and explain the different components of trophic efficiency. What are the factors affecting each component? Provide explanation for each factor.11.List and explain the major drivers of decline in biodiversity. Give an example of each driver.12.Explain what edge effect is and its potential effects on both abiotic and biotic factors. Describe one example from a peer-reviewed study. Give the citation by including the URL of the article.

WHAT IS PRESCRIPTIONA prescription, often abbreviated ? or Rx, is a health care program implemented by a physician or other qualified health care practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient.ELABORATE THE PARTS OF PRESCRIPTIONPredating modern legal definitions of a prescription, a prescription traditionally is composed of four parts: a superscription, inscription, subscription, and signature.It isimportant to know the possible drug interactions as these can cause serious adverse reactions or result in failed therapy.Part of prescription:-· Date· Name ,age ,sex, and address of the patient· Superstition· Inscription· Subscription· Signature· Renewal instruction· Signature,adress ,and registrations numberType of durg interactionDrug-drug InteractionsDrug-drug interactions result when two or more drugs react with each other. Such drugs can be from a combination of prescription drugs and/or over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Drugs with a narrow therapeutic range (little difference between therapeutic and lethal dose) are more likely to face incidents of serious drug interactions.For example:Taking digoxin with antibiotics like erythromycin or clarithromycin will increase the toxicity of digoxin because antibiotics affect the liver enzymes, causing digoxin to be metabolized (inactivated) slower. Similarly, the concurrent use of methotrexate and ibuprofen may result in increased methotrexate toxicity due to inhibition of kidney excretion by ibuprofen.The effectiveness of drugs may be reduced in situations where the action of one drug diminishes the action of the other. Some antibiotics reduce the effectiveness of oral contraceptive pills by impairing the bacterial flora responsible for recycling the hormone from the gut. Also, drugs like charcoal or magnesium carbonate should preferably not be taken at the same time as other drugs as they may impair absorption.Side effects of medications are intensified when drugs with the same effect are taken together. For instance, taking codeine (painkiller) with a cough syrup like procodin will increase the sedative effect. Aspirin, which is anti-platelet, increases the risk of bleeding when given together with warfarin, heparin or anti-depressants. There is also an increased risk of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) when isoniazid and paracetamol are used together.Drug-food interactionsThese interactions occur when drugs react with foods, dietary supplements or beverages (including alcohol). Some drugs may interfere with the body’s ability to absorb nutrients. In the same way, certain herbs and food can lessen or increase the impact of a drug.Smoking and drinking habits can have an adverse effect on drugs. Consumption of alcoholic drinks while on the antibiotic metronidazole will cause skin flushing, nausea, headache, and palpitations. Alcohol enhances the hypoglycaemic effect of anti-diabetic medication, and the hypotensive effect of many blood pressure drugs. It is best to avoid alcohol while on medications.The tobacco in cigarettes can also diminish the effectiveness of medications by increasing drug metabolism. Caffeine, which is found in tea, coffee, soft drinks and chocolate and some medications, can increase the risk of theophylline (a drug to treat asthma) toxicity.Certain foods cause drug interactions. People on warfarin have to avoid eating large amounts of green leafy vegetables like broccoli, spinach and watercress because the high vitamin K content of these foods counters the effect of warfarin.Grapefruit juice enhances the effect of drugs like simvastatin, nifedipine and ciclosporin, and its consumption should best be avoided. Dairy products which contain calcium reduce the absorption of biphosphonates, oral iron, levothyroxine and certain antibiotics e.g. ciprofloxacin and tetracycline.As for herbal or dietary supplements, there are some reports of interaction between warfarin and herbs such as garlic, Danshen, Dong Quai, ginseng, and ginkgo. These herbs may augment or reduce the effect of warfarin.Drug-disease interactionsDrug-condition interactions occur when a drug worsens or exacerbates an existing medical condition. For example, a nasal decongestant containing pseudoephedrine increases blood pressure and thus has to be avoided by people who are hypertensive (have high blood pressure).Asthmatic patients should be careful when using/buying over-the-counter NSAIDs like ibuprofenas they may cause airway constriction.Always inform your doctor about your condition/disease before the doctor prescribes a new drug. Conditions that place patients at high risk for drug interactions include kidney or liver disease, diabetes, asthma, cardiac problems, epilepsy, high or low blood pressure. Drug-disease interactions are more common among the elderly, who tend to have more diseases.In conclusion, people should inform healthcare professionals of their condition and any medications/dietary supplements that they are taking when visiting the doctor or purchasing medicines at the pharmacy. If a drug interaction is unavoidable, the patient will need to monitor the safety and efficacy of the drugs.